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ðåôåðàòûÁóõãàëòåðñêèé ó÷åò è àóäèò

ðåôåðàòûÂîåííàÿ êàôåäðà

ðåôåðàòûÃåîãðàôèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÃåîëîãèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÃðàôîëîãèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÄåíüãè è êðåäèò

ðåôåðàòûÅñòåñòâîçíàíèå

ðåôåðàòûÇîîëîãèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÈíâåñòèöèè

ðåôåðàòûÈíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè

ðåôåðàòûÈñêóññòâî

ðåôåðàòûÈñòîðèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÊàðòîãðàôèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÊîìïüþòåðíûå ñåòè

ðåôåðàòûÊîìïüþòåðû ÝÂÌ

ðåôåðàòûÊîñìåòîëîãèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÊóëüòóðîëîãèÿ

ðåôåðàòûËèòåðàòóðà

ðåôåðàòûÌàðêåòèíã

ðåôåðàòûÌàòåìàòèêà

ðåôåðàòûÌàøèíîñòðîåíèå

ðåôåðàòûÌåäèöèíà

ðåôåðàòûÌåíåäæìåíò

ðåôåðàòûÌóçûêà

ðåôåðàòûÍàóêà è òåõíèêà

ðåôåðàòûÏåäàãîãèêà

ðåôåðàòûÏðàâî

ðåôåðàòûÏðîìûøëåííîñòü ïðîèçâîäñòâî

ðåôåðàòûÐàäèîýëåêòðîíèêà

ðåôåðàòûÐåêëàìà

ðåôåðàòûÐåôåðàòû ïî ãåîëîãèè

ðåôåðàòûÌåäèöèíñêèå íàóêàì

ðåôåðàòûÓïðàâëåíèå

ðåôåðàòûÔèçèêà

ðåôåðàòûÔèëîñîôèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÔèíàíñû

ðåôåðàòûÔîòîãðàôèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÕèìèÿ

ðåôåðàòûÝêîíîìèêà

ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû Èíôîðìàöèÿ ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû
ðåôåðàòû

Ïðîãðàììà è Ïëàí ñîïîñòàâèòåëüíûé àíàëèç


Ñîäåðæàíèå
1. 
Ñîäåðæàíèå ..............................................................................................0
2. 
Ââåäåíèå ....................................................................................................1
3. 
Ïðîãðàììà .................................................................................................1
4. 
Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
...................................................................................1
5. 
Ïëàí ...........................................................................................................2
6. 
Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
è åãî
îòëè÷èÿ îò
ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ
...........................4
7. 
Îáîáùåíèå ................................................................................................5
Ñïèñîê
èñïîëüçóåìîé
ëèòåðàòóðû
I.
Íàóìîâ
Ñ.Â.
Ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ
î ïðîãðàììàõ
è ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèè
â êîíòåêñòå
ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêîé
ðàáîòû”//
Âîïðîñû
ìåòîäîëîãèè
1992, N2
II.
Êðàé÷èíñêàÿ
Ñ.Á. “Åùå ðàç
îá ó÷åáíûõ
ïëàíàõ”//
Èíôîðì
Àêöåíò 1995, N?
Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ Àêàäåìèÿ Áèçíåñà è Áàíêîâñêîãî äåëà
Ðåôåðàò
ïî êóðñó: "Ïñèõîòåõíèêà"
íà òåìó: "Ïðîãðàììà è Ïëàí - ñîïîñòàâèòåëüíûé
àíàëèç"
                                                                                     ñòóäåíòà ôàêóëüòåòà
Ïðàâî
                                                                                    
ñïåöèàëüíîñòè 02100
                                                                                    
ãðóïïû Ï-11                                                     
                                                                                    
Ñòîðîæåíêî Ðîìàíà Âèêòîðîâè÷à
Òîëüÿòòè 1995.
Ââåäåíèå.
Ïåðåä
òåì, êàê
äåëàòü
ñîïîñòàâèòåëüíûé
àíàëèç
ïðîãðàììû è
ïëàíà,
ñëåäóåò äàòü
ôîðìóëèðîâêó
îñíîâíûõ
ïîíÿòèé è
î÷åðòèòü èõ
÷åòêèå
ãðàíèöû.
Ïðîãðàììà.
Â
Ñîâåòñêîì
Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêîì
ñëîâàðå ïðîãðàììà
îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ
êàê
Ñîäåðæàíèå
è ïëàí
äåÿòåëüíîñòè
èëè ðàáîò”
Ò. å.
ïðîãðàììà
ÿâëÿåòñÿ êàê
áû
îáîëî÷êîé, âíóòðè
êîòîðîé
ïðîïèñàíû
øàãè,
êîòîðûå ñëåäóåò
ïðîèçâåñòè,
÷òîáû
äîñòè÷ü
êàêóþ-òî
îïðåäåëåííóþ
öåëü (çàäà÷ó).
Íî åñëè ïåðåä
÷åëîâåêîì
åñòü çàäà÷à
èëè öåëü, òî
íåñîìíåííî
äîëæåí áûòü
è ïëàí, ïî
êîòîðîìó
áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü
äâèæåíèå ê
öåëè èëè
çàäà÷å. Ïëàí
âêëþ÷åí â
ïðîãðàììó,
íî íå
ÿâëÿåòñÿ åå íåîòåìëèìîé
÷àñòüþ, ÿ
õî÷ó
ñêàçàòü, ÷òî
ïðîãðàììó
ìîæíî
ïîìûñëèòü
áåç ïëàíà
(Íàïðèìåð
ïðîãðàììà,
êîòîðàÿ íå
òðåáóåò
ñëèøêîì
áîëüøîãî
êîëè÷åñòâà
ñëîæíûõ
äåéñòâèé, íå
ñîäåðæèò â
ñåáå
îãðîìíîãî
êîëè÷åñòâà øàãîâ,
êîòîðûå
íåîáõîäèìî
âûïîëíèòü
äëÿ òîãî,
÷òîáû
äîñòè÷ü
ïîñòàâëåííóþ
â ýòîé ïðîãðàììå
öåëü). Ïëàí æå
áåç
ïðîãðàììû -
ýòî ïåðå÷åíü
äàò è
äåéñòâèé
(êîòîðûå
ñëåäóåò ïðîèçâåñòè
â ýòè äàòû)
äëÿ
äîñòèæåíèÿ
êàêîãî-òî
ðåçóëüòàòà,
íå
îáÿçàòåëüíî
ÿñíîãî èç
ïëàíà. Âñå
÷òî
êàñàåòñÿ
ðåçóëüòàòà -
óêàçàíî â
ïðîãðàììå.
Ñëåäóåò
çàìåòèòü,
÷òî ýôôåêò
îò
èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ
ïðîãðàììû è
ïàíà âìåñòå
ãîðàçäî
âûøå, íî â
ïðèíöèïå îíè
íå
íåðàçäåëèìû.
À òåïåðü
ñëåäóåò
çàìåòèòü
åùå îäíó
íåîòüåìëèìóþ
÷àñòü
ïðîãðàììû -
ýòî çàäà÷à
èëè öåëü. Âîîáùå
ñîçäàíèå
âñÿêîé
ïðîãðàììû
íîñèò îïðåäåëåííóþ
öåëü è â
áîëüøèíñòâå
ñëó÷àåâ ýòà
öåëü -
äîñòèæåíèå
êàêîé-òî
öåëè. Ãîâîðÿ
ïðîùå
ïðîãðàììà íå
ìîæåò
ïîÿâèòüñÿ íà
ñâåò, íå áóäü
ó åå
ñîñòàâèòåëÿ
êàêîé-òî
çàäà÷è,
ðåøåíèå
êîòîðîé
î÷åíü âàæíî
äëÿ íåãî.
Èòàê,
îáîáùèì âñå
âûøåñêàçàííîå:
Ïðîãðàììà
- Ýòî
ñîäåðæàíèå
è ïëàí
äåÿòåëüíîñòè
èëè ðàáîò.
-
Ïðîãðàììó è
ïëàí ìîæíî
ïîìûñëèòü
äðóã áåç
äðóãà.
- Ëþáàÿ
ïðîãðàììà
ñîäåðæèò â
ñåáå
ðåøåíèå êàêîé-òî
çàäà÷è èëè
øàãè, ïóòè
äîñòèæåíèÿ
êàêîé-òî
öåëè.
-
Ïðîãðàììà -
îáîëî÷êà,
ðåøåíèå
çàäà÷è íà áóìàãå.
Äëÿ òîãî,
÷òîáû
îñóùåñòâèòü
åå, íåîáõîäèìî
ïðîèçâåñòè
äåéñòâèÿ,
êîòîðûå îïèñàíû
â íåé.
- Äëÿ
îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ
ýòèõ
äåéñòâèé
íåîáõîäèì
ïëàí. À åñëè
åãî íåò,
äîñòè÷ü öåëü
ãîðàçäî
ñëîæíåå.
Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
Ïðîöåññ
ïðãðàììèðîâàíèÿ
- ýòî è åñòü
òîò ñàìûé
ïðîöåññ,
ðåçóëüòàòîì
îòîðîãî
ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ãîòîâàÿ
ïðîãðàììà, î
êîòîðîé
ãîâîðèëîñü
âûøå. Íà ìîé
âçãëÿä, åñëè
áîëåå
ïîäðîáíî ãîâîðèòü
î
ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèè,
ñëåäóåò ñêàçàòü
î òîì, ÷òî îíî
ñîñòîèò èç
ñëåäóþùèõ
ýòàïîâ
- Ïåðâûì
è
îáÿçàòåëüíûì
øàãîì â
ïðîöåññå ïðãðàììèðîâàíèÿ
ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïîñòàíîâêà
çàäà÷è èëè
öåëè.
-
Ñëåäóþùèì
øàãîì áóäåò
ñîñòàâëåíèå
ïëàíà
ðåøåíèÿ
ýòîé çàäà÷è.
Ñëîâî ïëàí
çäåñü îçíà÷àåò
íå ïëàí â
÷èñòîì âèäå.
Ýòî ñêîðåå
àëãîðèòì
ðåøåíèÿ
ïîñòàâëåííîé
ïåðåä ÷åëîâåêîì
çàäà÷è, ò.å.
ïóòè, èäÿ
êîòîðûìè
ìîæíî
äîñòè÷ü
æåëàåìîãî
ðåçóëüòàòà.
-
Òðåòüèì
øàãîì â
ïðãðàììèðîâàíèè
ÿâëÿåòñÿ
îïèñàíèå
ðåøåíèÿ
çàäà÷è. Ýòî
è åñòü øàã ïî
ñîñòàâëåíèþ
ñàìîé
ïðîãðàììû.
Ïîñëå åãî
âûïîëíåíèÿ ó
÷åëîâåêà
óæå áóäóò 50
ïðîöåíòîâ
òîãî, ÷åãî îí
õîòåë
äîñòè÷ü. Ò. å.
ãîòîâàÿ
ïðîãðàììà.
- È
íàêîíåö
÷åòâåðòûì,
îñíîâíûì
øàãîì, áóäåò
ïåðåâîä
ïðîãðàììû èç
ìûñëèòåëüíîé,
èäåéíîé
ñôåðû, ñ
áóìàãè â
ñôåðó
ïðàêòè÷åñêóþ.
Ò.å.
âîïëîùåíèå
ïðãðàììû â
æèçíü. Íà ìîé
âçãëÿä,
÷åòâåðòûé
øàã ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ñàìûì ãëàâíûì.
Ñîñòàâèòü
ïðîãðàììó
íà áóìàãè
íå ñîñòàâèò
îñîáîãî
òðóäà íè äëÿ
êîãî, ãîðàçäî
òðóäíåå
âîïëîòèòü
ñâîè èäåè â
æèçíü.
Ïëàí
Â
âîïëîùåíèè
ïðãðàììû â
æèçíü
÷åëîâåêó êàê
ðàç è äîëæåí
ïîìî÷ü ïëàí.
×åòâåðòûé
øàã, î
êîòîðîì
ãîâîðèëîñü
âûøå,
ñòàíîâèòñÿ
ãîðàçäî
ëåã÷å
ðåàëèçóåìûì
ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè
ýòîãî
èíñòðóìåíòà.
Ïëàíîì
ÿâëÿåòñÿ
çàðàíåå
íàìå÷åííûé
ïîðÿäîê,
ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü
îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ
êàêîé-ëèáî
ïðãðàììû.
Ïðîùå ãîâîðÿ
ïëàíîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ñõåìà
äåéñòâèé,
êîòîðûå
íåîáõîäèìî
áóäåò
ïðîèçâåñòè,
÷òîáû
äîñòè÷ü
ïîñòàâëåííóþ
öåëü. Â
êà÷åñòâå
ïðèìåðà
ìîæíî ïðèâåñòè
ñëåäóþùåå.            1  äåêàáðÿ   (Ñóááîòà) Ïðîðàáîòêà äîêëàäà ïî òåìå “Ìóíèöèïàëüíîå ïðàâî”            10 äåêàáðÿ   (Ïîíåäåëüíèê) Âñòðå÷à ñ ìýðîì ãîðîäà Æèëêèíûì            11 äåêàáðÿ   (Âòîðíèê) Ðåôëåêñèÿ            20 äåêàáðÿ   (×åòâåðã) Çàêóïêà îáîðóäîâàíèÿ            4  ÿíâàðÿ     (×åòâåðã) Âûïóñê ïåðâîé ïàðòèè òîâàðà.
Ýòî, íà
ìîé âçãëÿä, è
åñòü
êëàññè÷åñêèé
ïðèìåð ïëàíà.
 íåì åñòü
÷åòêàÿ äàòà
è øàã, êîòîðûé
íîáõîäèìî
âûïîëíèòü â
ýòó äàòó. Ïîòîì
íîâàÿ äàòà è
íîâûé øàã, è
òàê äàëåå,
ïîêà íå
áóäåò
äîñòèãíóò
îïðåäåëåííàÿ
öåëü. Ïðè÷åì
öåëü èëè
çàäà÷à
íåîáÿçàòåëüíî
ÿñíà èç
ïëàíà. Ñóòü
øàãîâ
îïèñàííûõ â
ïëàíå äîëæíà
áûòü
ðàç’ÿñíåíåà
â ïðîãðàììå.
Ïëàíû
áûâàþò
ðàçëè÷íûìè,
è îñíîâíîå
èõ ðàçëè÷èå
âî âðåìåíè,
íà êîòîðîå
îíè
ðàññ÷èòàíû.
Ïðèâåäó
ïðîñòóþ
ñõåìó.
Ñõåìà
1.
1.
Ïåðâûé
òèï ïëàíà (1 íà
Ñõåìå 1) - ýòî
òàêîé ïëàí,
êîòîðûé áûë
çàáðîøåí â
äàëåêîå
áóäóùåå. Å
ìîæíî
íàçâàòü Ïåðñïåêòèâíûì
ïëàíîì. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ
òàêîãî
ïëàíà
ñîñòàâëÿåò
íàèáîëüøóþ
òðóäíîñòü.
Îñíîâíàÿ
òðóäíîñòü çäåñü
- ýòî
ðàñïëûâ÷àòîñòü
äàò, èõ
îòäàëåííîñòü
âî âðåìåíè.
Âîîáùå, ÷åì
íà äîëüøèé
ïåðèîä
âðåìåíè
ðàññ÷èòàí
ïëàí, òåì
òðóäíåå îí
âûïîëíèì. Ñî
âðåìåíåì
ìåíÿåòñÿ
ñèòóàöèÿ,
âîçíèêàþò
íîâûå
îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà,
êîòîðûå
íåëüçÿ áûëî
ñïðîãíîçèðîâàòü,
è äâèæåíèå ê
öåëè ïðèíèìàåò
íå âèä ëèíèè,
à ñêîðåå
íåêîé äóãè
(ñì. ñõåìó)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Ñõåìà
2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Ïðè÷åì
ñ ò÷åíèåì
âðåìåíè
ìîæåò ìåíÿòüñÿ
è ñàìà öåëü.
Áûâàåò ÷òî
ñòàðûå ñòðåìëåíèÿ
è
ïîñòàíîâêè
çàäà÷
óñòàðåâàþò
ñ âçíèêíîâåíèåì
íîâîé
ñèòóàöèè. È
ýòî òðåáóåò
ïåðåñìîòðà
ñòàðîé öåëè
è ïåðåôðìèðîâàíèå
åå â íîâóþ.
Åñëè æ ýòîãî
íå ïðîèñõîäèò,
òî â õóäøåì
ñëó÷àå
ïðîãðàììà
òåðÿåò àêòóàëüíîñòü
è
ñòàíîâèòñÿ
íåâûïîëíèìîé.
2.
Âòîðîé
òèï ïëàíà (2 íà
Ñõåìå 1) - ýòî
ïëàí, íàçûâàåìûé
Êîíêðåòíûì
ïëàíîì. Èç
îäíîãî
íàçâàíèÿ
ñòàíîâèòñÿ
ÿñíî, ÿòî
ñóòü ýòîãî
ïëàí -
êîíêðåòíûé
ïåðèîä âðåìåíè
(ïðè÷åì íå
î÷åíü
îòäàëåííûé)
äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ
ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ
à íåì øàãîâ.
Ñ ýòèì ïëàíîì
ðàáîòàòü
ãîðàçäî
ïðîùå.
Âî-ïåðâûõ ñîñòàâèòü
ïðîãíîç íà
íåîïðåäåëåííûé
ïåðèîä
âðåìåíè, à
ïðèíöèïå, íå
ñîñòàâëÿåò
áîëüøîãî
òðóäà. È,
òàêæå, çà
íåáîëüøîé
ïðîìåæóòîê
âðåìåíè öåëü
íå ñìîæåò
ñèëüíî
ñèëüíî äåôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ
è âûïîëíèòü
åå áóäåò âî ñòî
êðàò ëåã÷å.
Åñëè
îáðàòèòüñÿ
ê Ñõåìå 2,  òî
äâèæåíèå ïî
òàêîìó
ïëàíó áóäóò ñîñòàâëÿòü
äâèæåíèå ïî
ïðÿìîé ñ
íåçíà÷èòåëüíûì
îòêëîíåíèå
îò íåå.
3.
È
íàêîíåö
òðåòèé òèï
ïëàíà (3 íà
Ñõåìå 1) - ýòî Ðåàëüíûé
ïëàí. Ò.å.
ïëàí, êîòîðûé
ê äàííîìó
ïåðèîäó óæå
îñóùåñòâëåí.
ß âûäåëèë
ýòîò ïëàí,
êàê îòäåëüíûé
âñâÿçè ñ åãî,
íàìîé
âçãëÿä,
èñêëþ÷èòåëüíîé
âàæíîñòüþ.
Ïîñëå
ðåàëèçàöèè
ïëàíà ìîæíî,
êàê áû
îñòàíîâèòüñÿ
è ïîñìîòðåòü
íà ñâîé
ïðîãðåññ.
Îöåíèòü
çàòðàòû,
êîòîðûå òû
ïðîèçâåë ïðè
äîñòèæåíèè
ñâîé öåëè è
ñðàâíèòü èõ
ñ âûãîäàìè
îò
ïîëó÷åííûõ
ðåçóëüòàòîâ
(åñëè îíè
åñòü). Íî, íà
ñàìîì äåëå, íå
ëó÷øå ëè ýòî
ñäåëàòü äî
òîãî êàê
ïðèñòóïèòü ê
ðåàëèçàöèè
ïðîãðàììû, â
ýòîé æå
ñàìîé
ïðîãðàììå
Ïî-ìîåìó ýòî
áóäåòãîðàçäî
ðàöèîíàëüíåé
è âûãîäíåé.
Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå è
åãî îòëè÷èÿ
îò
Ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ
Îòëè÷èÿ
ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ
è
ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ
î÷åâèäíà, ò.ê.
ðàçëè÷íû
ôîðìóëèðîâêè
èõ ïîíÿòèé:
Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
åñòü
ñìûñëîâîå,
ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîå
ïîñòðîåíèå
äåÿòåëüíîìòè
èç äåéñòâèé;
òîãäà êàê
ïëàíèðîâàíèå
åñòü èõ
îðãàíèçàöèÿ
âî âðåìåíè.
Ïëàíèðîâàíèå
 åñòü
ïðîöåññ,
êîíå÷íûì
ïðîäóêòîì êîòîðîãî
ÿâëÿåòñÿ
ïëàí-îðãàíèçàöèÿ
äåéñòâèé âî
âðåìåíè ïðè
íàëè÷èè
ïðîãðàììû
äåÿòåëüíîñòè.
Ïëàíèðîâàíèå
äîëæíî áûòü
íåðàçðûâíî ñ
ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèåì.
Âíå ýòîãî
ñîþçà
ïëàíèðîâàíèå
íå
óäîâëåòâîðÿåò
ñâîèì
çàäà÷àì.
Ïëàíèðîâàíèå
- óìåíèå
äåëàòü ñ
îïåðåæåíèåì,
ïðåäïîëàãàåò
ñèñòåìíîñòü
â ðàáîòå.
Ïëàíèðîâàíèå
äàëåêî îò
èìïðîâèçàöèè
- îíî òðåáóåò
àíàëèòè÷åñêîãî
ìûøëåíèÿ.
Ïðèñòóïàÿ
ê
ïëàíèðîâàíèþ,
ñëåäóåò
ñîñòàâèòü
ñåáå îáçîð
âîçìîæíûõ
óñëîâèé è
ôàêòîðîâ,
ñïîñîáíûõ
îêàçàòü íà
ïëàí òî èëè èíîå
âëèÿíèå,
ïîïûòàòüñÿ
èõ
ñêîìáèíèðîâàòü
è
àäàïòèðîâàòü
òàêèì
îáðàçîì,
÷òîáû îíè â
ìàêñèìàëüíîé
ñòåïåíè
îòâå÷àëè
ïîòðåáíîñòÿì
ïëàíèðîâùèêà,
ïîïûòàòüñÿ
äàòü îöåíêó
ñîñòàâëåííûõ
ïëàíèðîâùèêîì
êîìáèíàöèé
è âûáðàòü
íàèëó÷øèé
âàðèàíò.
Íåïîëíîå
ïëàíèðîâàíèå
ìîæåò
ïðèâåñòè ê íåîáõîäèìîñòè
èìïðîâèçàöèè,
÷òî â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü
âûçûâàåò
íåóâåðåííîñòü,
îñîáåííî
êîãäà
ïëàíèðîâàíèåì
çàíèìàåòñÿ
íå ìàñòåð
èìïðîâèçàöèè6
à
íà÷èíàþùèé
ïëàíèðîâùèê,
÷òî ìîæåò
ïðèâåñòè ê
õàîñó.
Ïëàíèðîâàíèå
ìîæåò
äîïóñêàòü
îòêëîíåíèÿ,
êîòîðûå â
óçêèõ
ìåñòàõ”
ñëåäóåò
ñâîäèòü äî
ìèíèìóìà.
Ýòî
îòíîñòèòñÿ,
íàïðèìåð, ê
ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûì
öåëÿì. ×òî æå
êàñàåòñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ
öåëåé, òî
òàêèå îòêëîíåíèÿ
ìîãóò
äîñòèãàòü
áîëüøèõ
âåëè÷èí.
Ïëàíèðîâàíèå
íè÷åãî íå
ñòîèò, åñëè
îòñóòñòâóåò
êîíòðîëü çà
åãî
âûïîëíåíèåì
è ðåàëèçàöèåé,
ò.å. åñëè
ïëàí íå
âûïîëíÿåòñÿ.
Êàê óæå
áûëî
óêàçàíî,
ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
äåÿòåëüíîñòè
åñòü ïðîöåññ,
ïðåäøåäñòâóþùèé
åå
ïëàíèðîâàíèþ.
Äåÿòåëüíîñòü
ðåàëèçóåòñÿ
â
ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè
äåéñòâèé,
êàæäîå èç
êîòîðûõ
îáåñïå÷èâàåò
ðåøåíèå ÷àñòíîé
çàäà÷è èëè
ïîäöåëè. Ïðè
ýòîì
îòäåëüíîå
äåéñòâèå
ïîä÷èíåíî
îáùåé öåëè è
ñâÿçàíî êàê
ñ òåìè
äåéñòâèÿìè,
÷òî óæå
âûïîëíåíû,
òàê è ñ òåìè,
÷òî åùå
ïðåäñòîèò
âûïîëíèòü.
Ïëàíèðîâàíèå
äåÿòåëüíîñòè
ñ ó÷åòîì
âåðîÿòíîñòåé
òåõ èëè èíûõ
ñîáûòèé
åñòü
íàèáîëåå
âûñîêèé
óðîàåíü
îðãàíèçàöèè
äåÿòåëüíîñòè.
Çäåñü
íàìå÷àåòñÿ
îáùàÿ
ñòðàòåãèÿ
äåÿòåëüíîñòè,
íî áåç äåòàëèçàöèè,
ñòî äàåò
âîçìîæíîñòü
â çàâèñèìîñòè
îò
êîíêðåòíûõ
óñëîâèé
èçìåíèòü õàðàêòåð
è
ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü
äåéñòâèé. Íåîò’åìëèìûì
êîìïîíåíòîì
çäåñü
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäâèäèíèå,
ôîðìèðóåìîå
ñ îïûòîì.
Ðàáîòà íà
ýëåìåíòàðíîì
óðîâíå
ïðåäïîëàãàåò
ñëåäóþùåå:
Â
êîêîé-òî
ìîìåíò
âðåìåíè T
ïðîèñõîäèò
êàêîå-òî
ñîáûòèå A,
ñëåäóåò âûïîëíèòü
äåéñòâèå X, â
ðåçóëüòàòå
êîòîðîãî âîçíèêàåò
ñîáûòèå A’, è
òàê äàëåå.
Ïðè
ðàáîòå íà
áîëåå
âûñîêîì
óðîâíå
ïðîèñõîäèò
ñëåäóþùåå:
-
Îöåíèâàåòñÿ
âåðîÿòíîñòü
ñîáûòèé (ïðè
èñïîëüçîâàíèè
ïðîøëîãî
îïûòà), à
èìåííî, èìåþò
ìåñòî
ñëåäóþùèå
ðàññóæäåíèÿ,
îïðåäåëÿþùèå
øàáëîí “Â
ìîìåíò
âðåìåíè T
ñëó÷èòñÿ ñîáûòèå
À ëèáî
ñîáûòèå Â,
åñëè ýòèì
äåéñòâèåì
áóäåò À, òî
ñëåäóåò
ñîâåðøèòü
äåéñòâèå Õ,
÷òî
ïîâëå÷åò çà
ñîáîé
ñîáûòèå À’, åñëè
ýòî ñîáûòèå
Â, òî ñëåäóåò
ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå
Y, çà êîòîðûì
ïîñëåäóåò
ñîáûòèå Â’, è
òàê äàëåå”.
Âûñøèé
óðîâåíü
îðãàíèçàöèè,
ïîìèìî âñåãî
óêàçàííîãî
âûøå, ìîæåò
âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ
ðàáîòû äâóõ
ïðåäûäóùèõ
óðîâíåé, ðàçóìååòñÿ
ïðè
öåëåñîîáðàçíîñòè
èõ ïðèìåíåíèÿ,
è ìîæåò áûòü
äîñòèãíóò
ïî ïðîøåñòâèè
äâóõ
ïðåäûäóùèõ.
Ðàöèîíàëüíîå
ïëàíèðîâàíèå
äåÿòåëüíîñòè
- íå
òîëüêî
àíàëèç
óñëîâèé, â
êîòîðûõ îíà
ïðîòåêàåò, è
ïðåäâèäèíèå
õîäà
óïðàâëÿåìîãî
ïðîöåññà, íî
òàêæå è
îöåíêà
ñîáñòâåííûõ
âîçìîæíîñòåé,
òîåñòü
ñàìîîöåíêà
è îïðåäåëåíèå
íàèáîëåå
îïòèìàëüíûõ
ïóòåé èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ
ñîáñòâåííûõ
ðåñóðñîâ.
Îáîáùåíèå
 çàêëþ÷åíèè
õîòåëîñü áû
îáîáùèòü
âñå âûøåñêàçàííîå
ñëåäóþùèìè
ñõåìàìè.
Ñõåìà
3.
Ýòî
ñõåìà
ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ.
 íåé
îòîáðàæåíû
ëèøü äâà
ôàêòîðà
Âðåìÿ” è “Îá’åì
ðàáîòû”. Ýòî
îñíîâíûå
êðèòåðèè,
îïðåäåëÿþùèå
ñîñòàâëåíèå
ïëàíà.
Èìåííî îò
èíòåíñèâíîñòè
V â íåáîëüøîé
ïîìåæóòîê
âðåìåíè
çàâèñèò êà÷åñòâî
ðàáîòû ïî
ïëàíó. ×åì
èíòåíñèâíåé
îí
âûïîëíÿåòñÿ,
òåìëó÷øå
ðåçóëüòàò
ðàáîòû.
Êðèâàÿ À
îòîáðàæàåò
èíòåíñèâíóþ
ðàáîòó ïî
âûïîëíåíèþ
ïëàíà.
Êðèâàÿ Â
ïîêàçûâàåò
ñðåäíþþ,
óìåðåííóþ
ðàáîòó ïî
ïëàíó.
Êðèâàÿ Ñ
- íèçêèé
ïîêàçàòåëü
ðåàëèçàöèè
ïëàíà.
Ò.å. ÷åì
ñèëüíåå
êðèâàÿ
ñäâèíóòà
âëåâî, òåì
ëó÷øå èäåò
ðàáîòà ïî
ïëàíó. Êðèâàÿ
æå Ñ çäåñü -
ýòî êðèâàÿ
ïîêàçûâàþùàÿ
òî âûïîëíåíèå
ðàáîò,
êîòîðîå
ðåàëüíî è
îáû÷íî
ïðèñóòñòâóåò
â
âûïîëíåíèè
ïëàíà. Î÷åíü
÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåìîå
çäåñü ñëîâî
êðèâàÿ”
ãîâîðèò î
òîì, ÷òî
äâèæåíèå ïî
èäåàëüíîé
ïðÿìîé íåâîçìîæíî.
Âñåãäà
ñóùåñòâóþò
êàêèå-òî îòêëîíåíèÿ
îò íåå.
Ñõåìà
4.
Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå,
â îòëè÷èè îò
ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ,
íåëüçÿ
èçîáðàçèòü
äâóìåðíîé
ñõåìîé. Ïðîöåññ
ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ
âêëþ÷àåò â
ñåáÿ ïðîöåññ
ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ,
íî êðîìå
ýòîãî â ñõåìó
äîáàâëÿåòñÿ
òðåòüÿ îñü -
êà÷åñòâî
ðàáîòû. Ò.å.
ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
çàâèñèò îò
òðåõ ïîêàçàòåëåé
- T (âðåìÿ), V(îá’åì
ðàáîò) è
Y(êà÷åñòâî
ðàáîòû). Íà
ýòîé ñõåìå
(x,z) -
ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå
ãîòîâîé
ïðîãðàììû
(x,y,z) -
ðàçâèòèå
äàííîé
ïðãðàììû.
 ýòîé,
íà ìîé
âçãëÿä,
îñíîâíîå
ðàçëè÷èå ïðîãðàììû
îò ïëàíà.
Ïëàí
îáåñïå÷èâàåò
ôóíêöèîíèðîâíèå,
ïðîèçâîäñòâî
ðàáîò ïî øàãàì,
óêàçàííûì â
íåì. À
ïðîãðàììà,
êðîìå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ,
îñóùåñòâëÿåò
ðàçâèòèå
èäåè,
ñîäåðæàùåéñÿ
â íåé, ïðè÷åì
êà÷åñòâåííîå
ðàçâèòèå, à
íå
ìàøèíàëüíîå,
êîòîðîå
äåëàåò ïëàí.
                                                                                                                
Ñõåìà 5
Âîîáùå
ñëåäóåò
óÿñíèòü, ÷òî
ïðîãðàììà è ïëàí
- âåùè
íåðàçäåëèìûå.
Ïðè÷åì
ïðîãðàììà âêëþ÷àåò
â ñåáÿ ïëàí
(Ñõåìà 5). Îí
ÿâëÿåòñÿ â íåé
ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé
÷àñòüþ. Åãî,
êîíå÷íî ìîæíî
âûêèíóòü èç
ïðîãðàììû, íî
ðåàëèçàöèÿ
ïðîãðàììû
ñèëüíî
óñëîæíèòñÿ
ïîñëå ýòîãî.
 
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