Реферат: Крито-микенское искусство (RTF)
2
IINEIANEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE
OAOIE*ANEEE OIEAA?NEOAO
eiaie I.Y. AAOIAIA
?AOA?AO II EOEUeOO?IEIAEE
IA OAIO: ?E?EOI-IEEAINEIA ENEONNOAI?.
AUIIEIEE Iooea?aa Aiae?ae
nooaeaio a?oiiu EO3-32
I?IAA?EE
IINEAA 1998 aiae.
AAAAeAIEA.
A ooaeiaeanoaaiiie eoeueoo?a ae?aaiinoe e?eoi-ieeaineiio eneonnoao
i?eiaaeeaaeeo iaeii ec naiuo ii/aoiuo iano . Aeaa aai aeaeiaeoeo
oeaio?a - ino?ia E?eo e ai?iae Ieeaiu a THaeiie A?aoeee (iieoino?ia
Iaeiiiiian) - aeaee iacaaiea yoiio eneonnoao , ii iii aeeth/eei a naay
oai?aiea aieueoiai ?aaeiia , io Aaeeaineie A?aoeee e ino?iaia Yaaeneiai
ii?y aei iiaa?aaeuey Iaeie Acee .
Oai?oeaie E?eoneie (eee, eae aa eia/a iacuaatho, ieiieneie)
oeeaeeecaoeee auee ia?iaeu iaonoaiiaeaiiiai iiea i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Eo
eoeueoo?a ca?iaeeeanue i?eia?ii a ia/aea 2 ouny/aeaoey aei iaoae y?u.
Iniiaiuie aa oeaio?aie auee nai ino?ia E?eo n aai i?ioeaaoaaoeie oiaaea
ai?iaeaie e ino?iaa Yaaeneiai ii?y. Enoi?eee iacuaatho yoo
oeeaeeecaoeeth ieiieneie, ii eiaie ieoe/aneiai e?eoneiai oea?y Ieiina, a
aa nicaeaoaeae - ieiieoeaie.
Aoaeoeu (eee, eae eo noaee eiaiiaaoue ii iacaaieth noieeoeu - Ieeaiu,
ieeaioeu) i?eoee a A?aoeeth ec Naaa?iie Aa?iiu. Ia?iae yoio aue
eiaeiaa?iiaeneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey. Ieeaioeu yaeyeenue i?yiuie i?aaeeaie
aoaeoueo yeeeiia (a?aeia). Ieiei na?aaeeiu 2 ouny/aeaoey aei iaoae y?u
eo aeanoue ?ani?ino?aieeanue ia aanue Yaaeneee ie?, iie i?iieeee ia
iiiaea ino?iaa, caoaaoeee e Eiinn - noieeoeo aea?aeaau Ieiina.
Ieeaioeu aeeee aie i aie n ieiieoeaie aei 12 aaea aei iaoae y?u.
Ieeaineea i?aaeoaee oe?iei iieueciaaeenue oneoaaie iaea?aiiuo ieiieneeo
ianoa?ia, oae /oi, a eiia/iii n/aoa ieeaineia e ieiieneia eneonnoaa
ia?aciaaei iaeee neiaeiue nieaa.
E?eoi-ieeaineee ie? ia i?ioyaeaiee ianeieueeeo noieaoee ea?ae ?ieue
ia?acoeiaie ooaeiaeanoaaiiie ianoa?neie aeey ia?iiiiai ?aaeiia. Oiaaea
auee nicaeaiu i?ae?aniua iaiyoieee a?oeoaeoo?u: a?aiaeeiciua, oe?aoaiiua
ianoaiiie aeeaiienueth, ?aeueaoaie e ?aciiai ?iaea neiaieaie aeai?oeu ni
nayuaiiuie naaeaie; ecyuiua ?anieniua aacu; eneonii auiieiaiiua ao?eaoou
neiaeiiai ?aeeaeiciiai eoeueoa. Yoio ie? ienueiaiiinoue: E?eo inoaaee
iinea naay oae iacuaaaiia ?eeiaeiia ienueii A?, aua ia ?anoeo?iaaiiia
o/aiuie, a?oeau Ieeai - ?eeiaeiia ienueii A?, eioi?ia a 50-o aa. 20 a.
oaeaeinue ?anoeo?iaaoue aiaee/aiai Aeae. *aaeaeeo e I. Aaio?eno.
Naiaia?acea e?eoi-ieeaineiai eneonnoaa - a iniaii iiieiaiee aeecie
i?e?iaeu e ianoa a iae /aeiaaea, a oaeaea a naiaiaea ia?auaiey ni
noa?eiiuie o?aaeeoeeyie e i?aaeienaieyie ?aeeaeiciuo ?eooaeia. E?iia
oiai, iii oaeaeyei ia?iiiia aieiaiea aioo?aiiaio ie?o /aeiaaea.
Aeinoeaeaiey yaaeneeo ianoa?ia a 1 ouny/aeaoea aei i. y. Noaee
ianeaaeeai yeeeiia. Iiaeii n oaa?aiiinoueth neacaoue, /oi aac yoiai ia
auei au nicaeaii eeanne/aneeo iaiyoieeia ae?aaiaa?a/aneiai eneonnoaa,
eioi?ua i?ineaaeeenue ia aanue ie?.
ENEONNOAI E?EOA
Aia/aea 2 ouny/aeaoey aei i. y. Ia E?eoa no?ieee iiiai aeai?oeia.
Eaaeaeue ec ieo i?aaenoaaeye niaie aieueooth a?oiio iino?iae,
aicaaaeaiiuo aie?oa aioo?aiiaai aeai?a e i?aaeiacia/aiiuo eae aeey
?aeeaeiciuo (nae?aeueiuo), oae e naaoneeo iaaeiaiinoae. Aeai?aoe iia
neoaeeoue ?aceaeaioeeae i?aaeoaey ai?iaea oeaio?ii oi?aaeaiey anae
iaeanoueth. Ii aue iaeiia?aiaiii e ai?iaeii, e e?aiinoueth, a
nouanoaiaae ca n/ao naeueneie ie?oae e o?oaea ?aianeaiieeia, aeeaoeo a
naiii aeai?oea.
A ia?aie iieiaeia 2 ouny/aeaoey aei i. y. Aeai?oeu e neiaeiua iino?ieee
aeai?oeiaiai oeia nouanoaiaaee ia E?eoa a iyoe ai?iaeao: Eiinna, Oanoa,
Ao?iee, Iaeeee e Eaoi-Cae?i. Ana yoe eiiieaenu niaa?oaiii ?aciua:
aaea-oi, eae a Eiinna, oneeaia naaa?iay, eae i?aaeei, ia?aaeiay /anoue e
auaeaeythony iiuiui aeieii ?iaaaceiu? (neeaaeu) caiaaeiie; aaea-oi, eae
a Eaoi-Cae?i, aieueoay ieiuaaeue ioaaaeaia iiae ?eooaeueiua aannaeiu. A
iaeioi?uo ai?iaeao aeai?oeiaua iino?ieee iaei iainiaeaiu io ie?oaeathueo
eaa?oaeia e neiaii n?anoathony n ieie. Ii aacaea, ia niio?y ia ?acieoeo
ianooaaia, ianoiiieiaeaiea e ea/anoai ioaeaeee noai, aeai?ia e
iiiauaiee, nio?aieeenue iauea /a?ou. Yoi i?yiioaieueiay oi?ia
aioo?aiiaai aeai?a, ?acia?u eioi?iai aacaea iaeeiaeiau: iyoueaeanyo aeaa
iao?a a aeeeio e aeaaaeoeaoue ainaiue a oe?eio. E?iia oiai, ii/oe ana
aeai?oeu i?eaioe?iaaiu ii noi?iiai naaoa: eo aioo?aiiee aeai? auoyioo n
naaa?a ia tha. E, iaeiiaoe, o/aiua onoaiiaeee, /oi aeai?oeu auee naycaiu
n ai?iuie nayoeeeuaie, ono?iaiiuie a iaua?ao. Eaaeaeue aeai?aoe
i?eaioe?iaai ia ?nayuaiioth ai?o?, oi?ioi aeaeeioth ec iaai. Oae,
aeai?aoe a Eiinna naycai n ai?ie THeoa, ia eioi?oth iaiin?aaenoaaiii
auoiaeyo aai ?iaaaceiu?, a Oanoani ciaiaieoue ai?iae Eaea, aaea,
niaeanii a?a/aneei ieoai, ?iaeeeny aia Caan, anei?ieaiiue aiaeanoaaiiie
eicie Aiaeoaae.
Aeai?oeu nouanoaiaaee, iiea aeaenoaiaaee ai?iua nayoeeeua. I/aaeaeii,
iineaaeiea n/eoaeenue caiiui io?aaeaieai iano iaeoaiey iaaiaeeoaeae: e
iei i?e/eneyee aiaeiue, eioi?ui iieeiiyeenue a nayoeeeuao. Oai a?oaieiae
iaia?oaeeee iiiai/eneaiiua naeaeaoaeuenoaa ?aeeaeiciuo oea?aiiiee. A
nayoeeeuao niaa?oaee aea?oaii?eiioaiey, ono?aeaaee ia?yaeiaua o?aiacu,
aiaeanoaai i?aiiaeiineee aea?u a aeaea iinoaeu e oa??aeioiauo noaooyoie.
Yoi i?ieeaaao naao ia nouiinoue aeai?oeia. Aiciiaeii, iie auee
i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey oea?y, i?aaeoaey, ii n/eoaeenue nianoaaiiinoueth
aiaeiue, ii/eoaaoeony a ai?iuo nayoeeeuao. I?aaeoaeue, i?ienoiaeaeaiea
eioi?iai iuneeeinue aiaeanoaaiiui, aunooiae a ?iee nuia eee noi?oaa
aiaeie. Noi?oaa i?aaeoaey auea ae?eoeae e i?aaenoaaeyea aiaeith a
aaaeiaeoeo ?eooaeao.
Ia yoii aiai?yo iaiyoieee e?eoneiai eneonnoaa. N?aaee ieo ecia?aaeaiey
aiaeanoaaiiuo ieaaeaioeaa e iiae?inoeia - nuiiaae. Oeao?a aeaiueiu
anaaaea iaaeaeaia /a?oaie iao?iiu, iaoa?e: o iaa iiae/a?eiooi oyaeaeue
athno, iaiaaeaaiue ii oiaeo aaaeiuo ?eooaeia; iia auoa ?inoii e neeueiaa
aunooiathuaai ?yaeii ia?aae?a - noi?oaa. AEaiueia (ae?eoea eee aiaeiy) -
aaaeouaa eeoei anao niaa?oaaiuo aeaenoa, thiioa - ianneaiue, aaaeiiue aa
ia?niiaae. Oae, a Eiinneii aeai?oea aeaaiue aoiae, Ei?eaei? i?ioeannee,
aue oe?aoai ?inienueth, ia eioi?ie aiaeia iiaeiinyo aea?u e iiaia
iaeayiea. I?acaeieee, eioi?ua ono?aeaaeenue a nayce n ia/aeii iiaiai
aiaea, auee i/aiue iiioey?iu a ae?aaiinoe. A Eiinna a oanoaee
aea?iiinoeaa i?eieiaee o/anoea a iniiaiii thiioe; iie ianee
ae?aaioeaiiua ninoaeu e niaoeeaeueiue aea? -e?eoneoth thaeo-a?thee aeey
?iiai?iaeaeaiiie? aiaeie. AE?eoea-aiaeiy i?eieiaea aea?u noiy, aea?aea a
iaaeo ?oeao e?eoneea neiaieu aeanoe - aeaieiua naee?u (eaa?enu), io
eioi?uo, aeaeeii, e i?iecioei iacaaiea aeai?oea - Eaae?eio (Aeai?aoe
Eaa?enia). Nai i?acaeiee i?aaeiieaaae ?nayuaiiue a?ae? aiaia, aac
eioi?iai e?eoyia ia i?aaenoaaeyee naaa i?iaeieaeaiea aeecie.
E?eoneoth aiaeith iiaee ieeoeaoai?youe ai?a eee aea aea?aai. Ai?a e
aea?aai naycuaaeenue a oiao ethaeae ia n eiie?aoiuie ai?aie e
aea?aaueyie, a n oieaa?naeueiuie, anaeaineeie neiaieaie. A?oaieiae
iaia?oaeeee cieioua ia?noie-ia/aoe, ia eioi?uo ia?niiaaee auaea?aeaatho
nayuaiiia aea?aai ec ii/au eee n?uaatho aai ieiaeu. Oi e ae?oaia
?anoeaieaaeinue a ae?aaiinoe eae nia?oue aiaeie-aea?aaa, ianooiaaoay a
ii?aaeaeaiiue iiiaio eaeaiaea?iiai aiaea. Yoi aue i/aiue aaaeiue
i?acaeiee, i?eo?i/aiiue e na?aaeeia eaoa: n yoiai iiiaioa neeu nieioea
ia/eiatho oauaaoue.
Ia E?eoa a yoio aeaiue i?aaeoaeue-ae?aoe, n/eoaaoeeny ia?ie aiaeie,
auaea?aeaae ec eaaeee iniaia nayuaiiia aea?aai, eioi?ia ?inei a o?aia. N
aeaaeueth aea?aaa i?ae?auaeanue e aeeciue naiie aiaeie: aa ?eooaeueioth
nia?oue ecia?aaeaea noi?oaa i?aaeoaey (ae?aoea), i?aaenoaaay a
ennooieaiiie iica - n ieniaaeathueie eieiiaie, iaiaaeaiiie a?oaeueth e
oia?ouie a aiea ?oeaie. Ii, caeii/ea naie oeeee auoey, iia
aic?iaeaeaeanue: ia iaeioi?uo ia?noiyo aiaeiy ecia?aaeaia ieieaoth?iui,
ia?yuei a iaaanao aaaeaieai. A iaeiii neo/aa iia, ni ueoii e eiiueai,
iaiiieiaao a?a/aneoth aiaeith-aieoaeueieoeo Aoeio Iaeeaaeo. A ae?oaii -
iiyaeyaony a iaaa, eiaaea ia oeaaoouai eoao /aou?a aeaiueiu-ae?eoeu
niaa?oatho eoeueoiaue oaiaoe. AE?eoeu e?ooeeenue e aa?oaeenue a oaioea,
ia?auaynue e iaaanai, aeaaiaea?y /aio ianooiaea yieoaiey
(?aiaiyaeaiea?), e, aieaa oiai, iie aini?iecaiaeeee ienoiaeaeaiea
aiaeanoaa a ie? ethaeae. Oeaaou eeeee ia eoaeaeea a ?iniene yaeythony
ia?acii aiaeie, ii oaea noa?ui, ioaeeaoei naia ia caiea.
?ieue aea?aaueaa, o?aa e oeaaoia a yoii ie?a auea ianoieueei aaeeea, /oi
aac ieo ia iuneeeinue ieeaeia /aeiaa/aneia aeayiea. Eo ecia?aaeaiey
ano?a/athony ia E?eoa iianthaeo, ie?oaeaiiua i?aieii iai?eeiniiaaiiiai,
oaeiiai, aiaeanoaaiiiai. ?anoeoaeueiia oea?noai aunooiaei a aeaoo
oi?iao: Anoanoaaiiie - i?e?iaeiie, i?aauaathuae iiae iiaeie aiaia, e
eoeueoo?iie - ac?auaiiie /aeiaaeii a oneiaeyo ai?iaea-aeai?oea. Oae, ia
iaeiie ec ae?aaiaeoeo eiinneeo o?anie ?Niae?aoaeue e?ieonia? oeaaou
iieacaiu ?anooueie ia anoanoaaiiuo ai?ao e oieiao. Eo caacae/aoua
eonoeee ianaeytho e ae?oaea ?iniene, iai?eia? aeeaioth ?Neithth ioeoeo?
eee ?Iaacueyio e ioeoeo?. Yoio i?e?iaeiue, caiiaaaeiue ie?, aaea /aeiaae
anaai eeoue ainoue.
A ?inienyo oae iacuaaaiie aeeeu ec Aaea O?eaaeu, aeec aeai?oea a Oanoa,
ia?iiiua no?ieiua eeiee aaee/anoaaiii aunyony ia ooiaeaiiuo aaciiao,
yaii i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aeai?oeo. Yoe aaeua eeiee ?iaaeiiia? i?ae?aniu e
/enou, iie eae aiaeanoai, iie, nianoaaiii, e neiaieece?otho aiaeanoai,
ii a ne?uoii, aei/aeiaa/aneii iaeeea.
Ae?oaea ia?iaeu yoie yiioe ioiineeenue e i?e?iaea eia/a. Aeey iaeieo iia
auea neiaieii iiaaaeu iaae nia?oueth (a ecia?aaeaieyo, aaea aaeiaoneee
oa?aii ioioeony a aieioao iaeiia?aiaiii ia ioeoe e ?ua e caeanue aea
n?uaaao iaie?onu), aeey ae?oaeo - aiieiuaieai eaeae nioai?aiey Anaeaiiie
(Ie?iaia Aea?aai). Aeey e?eoyi i?e?iaea auea nayuaiia ii i?e/eia aa
aiaeanoaaiiinoe. Ana aiaeanoaaiiia - niaa?oaiii, ii i?e?iaea iieia
iniaie e?aniou. Aio ii/aio e?eoyia /anoi ecia?aaeaee aianoi aiaia
oeaaoouea eoaa e aeeeea neaeu, ii?inoea oeaaoaie e eonoa?ieeii. Eo
ianaeytho iaacueyiu e ioeoeu - oaeea aea aiae, ii a ae?oaii iaee/uea.
Iaeiaei /aeiaae iiaeao aieoe a yoio ie? eneeth/eoaeueii a iiiaio
eniieiaiey ?eooaea.
E?eoneiai aiaa a ioee/ea io aiaeie i?aaenoaaeyei ciiii?oiia nouanoai,
aiieiuaiiia a ia?aca auea. Aai ciaeaie e neiaieaie aoeaaeueii iaiieiai
Eiinneee aeai?aoe. Ii i?aaenoaaeaieyi iicaeiaeoeo a?aeia, ii aue naycai
n aeai?oeii - Eaae?eioii - e aeeaouei a iai /oaeiaeuiui /aeiaaei-aueii
Ieiioaa?ii. Eaaaiaea aeaneea, /oi Ianeoay, noi?oaa oea?y Ieiina,
ainiueaea no?anoueth e aueo, io eioi?iai ?iaeeea iaiau/iia aeeoy -
Ieiioaa?a. A yoie eaaaiaea nio?aieeenue aeooea iocaoee neacaiee i
ae?aaiai ?nayuaiiii a?aea? e?eoneeo aiaia a ia?acao auea e ei?iau. Aua
caaeieai aei yiioe ?anoeaaoa
e?eoneie eoeueoo?u aiaeiy oaea i?eia?aea /aeiaa/aneee (aio?iiiii?oiue)
iaeee. Aa noi?oa inoaaaeny a ia?aca aeeaioiiai, aa?iyoii aiieiuaaoaai
aiaa, eioi?ue ia?eiaee/anee ?iaeaeaeny, aeinoeaae c?aeinoe e iiaeaae.
E?eoneiai aiaa-auea aaeaaiaeii i?eiineee a aea?oao ia oi?aeanoaaiiii
i?acaeieea. Aia-aue aue ecia?aaeai ai aoiaeiii aanoeathea eiinneiai
Ei?eaei?a I?ioeannee i/aueiny, a oeie/ii e?eoneie iica ?eaoo/aai
aaeiia?. Ii i?aaenoaaeai oaeaea oi a ea?ao n ?oi?aaaei?aie?, oi
oie?athuei.
Niune oaa?ieaoainee - ?eooaeueiiai aiy n aueii - iiaeii iiiyoue
aeaaiaea?y nio?aieaoeiny o?aaiaioai ?iniene, ecia?aaeaaoei yoo noeaio.
Ethaiiuoii, /oi n aueii ai?thony ia oieueei ioae/eiu, eae ia ei??eaea a
nia?aiaiiie Eniaiee, ii e aeaiueiu. Aieaa oiai, aiaeiy-aeaiueia e auea
aeaaiui i?ioeaieeii aiaa-auea, naiaai nuia-noi?oaa. Iia aaeaaiaeii
i?eiineea aai a aea?oao ia iiaeiaiii i?acaeieea, /oiau ii, ioaeeaoee
aiaee/iue oeeee, iia aiiaue ?iaeeoueny. Iuoeaiea ethaeae aeienoi?e/aneie
yiioe auei oeeeee/iui: ana aica?auaeinue ia e?oae naiy aeaaiaea?y
aiaeanoaaiiui ?eooaeai.
O?anea n oaa?ieaoaineae iieacuaaao, ianeieueei aeeiaie/iui e aeeaui auei
ieiieneia eneonnoai. Aio auee /oaeaeu canouaoea iicu, inoaiiaeaoeany
acaeyaeu, naiioaeoaeaiiinoue - ana, /oi auei oae aei?iai aaeioyiai e
iaeoaoaeyi ae?aaiaai Aeao?a/uey (Ianiiioaie). Aeey e?eoyi aue aaaeai
iiiaio, aa?ii noaa/aiiia aeaenoai, o?aiao ianoiyuaai.
Ioee/eoaeueiie /a?oie e?eoneie aeeaiiene yaeyaony ?aeaieiay
ia?niaeoeaa?. Ia o?anea aue ecia?aaeai eaoyuei a iaeie n?aaeiae ciia:
ii ia eanaaony caiee iiaaie, a naa?oo aeaeueiee ieai aoaeoi iaaeaao ia
iaai. Iao eeiee ai?eciioa, eae aoaeoi ia nouanoaoao e a?aieoeu iaaeaeo
caieae e iaaii - c?eoaeue aeaeeo iaeio ii?ieeioooth caieth. Ai o?anea
?Niae?aoaeue oao?aia? aiaeiae/iay ea?oeia: eonou oeaaoia ?aca?inaiu
aeaoiy ?yaeaie ia?aae e ca ?niae?aoaeai? - neiae iaacueyiie, aeeaiieniui
iyoiii auaeaeythuaeny ia oiia ao?iaaouo oieiia.
E?eoneia eneonnoai ecaaaaao iaiiaeaeaeiinoe, oyaeaeuo iii?, iiae/a?eiooi
noaaeeueiuo eiino?oeoeee. Ianiio?y ia a?iiaaeiua ?acia?u aeai?oeia
(ieiuaaeue Eiinneiai aeai?oea ninoaaeyao 16 oun. ea. i.) e aoaeoi au
i?inooth eiino?oeoeeth (eaaae?aoiue aeie n aeai?ii a oeaio?a), iie
i/aiue neiaeiu. ?aciiia?aciua aioo?aiiea iiiauaiey niaaeeiythony naiui
i?e/oaeeeaui ia?acii, a aeeeiiua ei?eaei?u aiacaiii caaiaeyo a ooieee. N
yoaaea ia yoaae aaaeoo eanoieoeu, e iinaoeoaeue aae?oa iiiaaeaao oi a
naaoiaie aeai?ee, aicieeoee ai oueia aeai?oea, ?anoeaa/aiiue y?ei
e?aniuie iieinaie, oi ia eiaeaeeth, oi a aieueoie ia?aaeiue cae aeey
ie?ia. Iaiaeeaeaiii ii iia ieacaoueny e a aaiiie eiiiaoa, iiiauaiiie a
ainoi/iie /anoe Eiinneiai aeai?oea. Aaiia, naeaeaiiay ec iaiaeaeaiiie
aeeiu e iioiaeay oi?iie ia nia?aiaiioth, ia niaaeeiyeanue n
eaiaeecaoeeiiiuie o?oaaie, eioi?ua oee ii nooiaiyi aeai?oea nia?oaee,
?naie ii naaa?. Aa?iyoii, iie aini?iecaiaeeee ia?ac aiaeiiai ie?a. Nai
iooue iinaoeoaey ii aeai?oeo - n aai eiio?anoaie naaoa e oueiu,
caieiooinoe e ioe?uoinoe, noi?aea e cao/iuo, ni/iuo e?anie, iinoaiaiiuo
iiaeuaiia e nioneia - iaiiieiae ieaaaiea ia ei?aaea. *aeiaaea eae aoaeoi
?anea/eaaei ec noi?iiu a noi?iio, ia auei onoie/eainoe. E aianoa n oai a
yoii /oanoaiaaeanue ianoiyuay aeeciue n aa aac inoaiiai/iui aeaeaeaieai.
Ia?acu e?eoyi aiieia niioaaonoaotho eo i?aaenoaaeaieyi i ie?a. Oeao?u ia
ecia?aaeaieyo anaaaea o?oieea, n ineiuie oaeeyie, neiaii aioiaua
ia?aeiieoueny. O/anoieee nayuaiiiai oanoaey a Ei?eaei?a I?ioeannee
eaeoo, ai?aei cai?ieeioa aieiao e ioeeiiyy oi?n iacaae. Ioaeneea oeao?u
ie?aoaiu ei?e/iaaaoie e?aneie, aeaineea - aaeie. Aeaaea iica iieyuaainy
(noaooyoea n ino?iaa Oeein), anaie iiiuneaie ia?auaiiiai e aiaeanoao,
eeoaia canoueinoe. Neeueii ioeeiiaiiue iacaae oi?n, ?oea, i?eaeaoay ei
eao, iaiiaaiiay inoaiiaea aeaeaeaiey - eae yoi ia iioiaea ia noaooe
ainoi/iuo ioaeae, aeyaeyueo ia?iiiuie aeacaie a iaae/aeiaa/aneee ie?!
Iniaui i/a?iaaieai aeuoeo ia?ac ?Ia?eaeaiee? (oae aa iacaaee enoi?eee) -
ecyuiie aeaaooee, ecia?aaeaiiie a iaeiii ec iiiauaiee aoi?iai yoaaea
Eiinneiai aeai?oea. Oai aue i?aaenoaaeai ?eooaeueiue ie?, o/anoieee
eioi?iai neaeaee iai?ioea ae?oa ae?oaa n /aoeaie a ?oeao. Nio?aieeny
eeoue o?aaiaio aieiau e aieueoiai ?eooaeueiiai ocea ia iaeaaeaea ncaaee.
O?oieinoue, ecyuanoai, oiieee ecune ni/aoathony a ia?aca n aneiiao?eae,
?aciiai ?iaea i?aoaaee/aieyie, ?noeoeeiinoueth? eenoe. Ii/a?e aaaeue,
aeeaie, iiiaioaeueiue. Iae?aneaia ee/eei n aeeeiiui, iai?aaeeueiui ii
oi?ia iineeii e iieiuie e?aniuie aoaaie eo/eony aeeciueth. Eiiia /a?iuo
eoae?yauo aiein i?eaeaao ?Ia?eaeaiea? yeaaaioiinoue, a oiieay, aoaeoi
aeaa?aeueiay aeeaiienue n i?inaa/eaathuei oiiii iaaeaeyao aa
aicaeooiinoueth e a?aoeeae.
Iaaa?iyoiuie aeey ae?aaiinoe eaaeoony eiinneea o?anee ?O?ieiia
Nayoeeeua? e ?Oaiaoe n?aaee aea?aaueaa?. Ieieaoth?iua o?anee
ecia?aaeatho iiiaeanoai i?enoonoaothueo ia aeaoo ?aciuo i?acaeieeao a
Eiinneii aeai?a . Iaeia o?anea i?aaenoaaeyao O?ieiia Nayoeeeua a
caiaaeiie /anoe aeai?oea, aoiae a eioi?oth aue ni aeai?a. Caeanue,
ii-aeaeeiiio, iieacaii aeaenoai ai aioo?aiiai aeai?a. Ia ae?oaie o?anea
ecia?aaeai i?acaeiee, eioi?ue niaa?oaaony yaii ca i?aaeaeaie aeai?oea,
i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii ia?aae caiaaeiui oanaaeii. Oai, n?aaee nayuaiiuo
aea?aaueaa, ae?eoeu niaa?oatho eoeueoiaue oaiaoe a /anoue aiaia.
I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi ?iniene aeaeyony ia aieueoea, a iaoo?aeueioth
aaee/eio, eae a Ei?eaei?a I?ioeannee, e iaeua - iie iau/ii iiiauaeenue a
aa?oiae /anoe noai eee iaae ieiaie e a aeaea iannu eoae?yauo aieia
ecia?aaeaee oieio. Nicaeaaony aia/aoeaiea aeeaiai iiiaiethaeiiai
nai?eua, e yoi iaiau/ii. Iiaeiaiue i?eioeei ecia?aaeaiey oieeaeai ia
oieueei aeey ae?aaiinoe, ii e aeey eeanne/aneie A?aoeee, aaea anaaaea
i?aiaeaaeaee ioaeaeueiua, ia?niiaeueiua ia?acu.
?Ienoa?ey?, ?Oaeinoai? - iiiyoey, onaiaiiua iicaeiaeoeie yeeeiaie o eo
i?aaeoanoaaiieeia - e?eoyi. Ana aeai?u e?eoneiai eneonnoaa -
a?oeoaeoo?a, neoeueioo?a, aeeaiienue, aeaaea ?aeeaeiciue oaao?, iocuea e
oaiaoe - auee nieaaeaiu aiaaeeii, /oiau aeiaeoueny iaiaoiaeeiiai
aicaeaenoaey ia c?eoaey. Ii?aaeathuea aiia?aaeaiea /oaeana - ?yooaeou? -
inoaaaeenue aeaaiie oaiie e?eoneiai eneonnoaa e iinea iiei?aiey ino?iaa
ieeaioeaie. Aiciiaeii, yoi auei ia o?aaeeoeeiiiia caaiaaaiea, a
aaeeaeaiea naaa?iiai ieeaineiai yeaiaioa a ieiieneoth nenoaio aeecie.
Aaaeue ieeaineay eoeueoo?a aieoaea a naay e eniieueciaaea aeinoeaeaiey
ino?iaiuo ia?iaeia, /oiau aiieioeoue naie eaeae a eneonnoaa.
ENEONNOAI OA?U
Ioe?uoue a?a/aneei a?oaieiaii N. Ia?eiaoinii a 1968-1976 a.a. ia ino?iaa
Oa?a (iuia Naioi?ei) ae?aaiee ai?iae Ae?ioe?e, iiaeaoee io
caieao?ynaiey, ii?acee anao naiei oeeaeeeciaaiiui aeaeii. A ooeaeaaoai
eaa?oaea aeiia ?aniieaaaeenue aaeieue aei?iae, iacaaiiie aei?iaie
Oaeueoeiia - ae?aaieo eociaoeia-/a?iaeaaa ec a?a/aneeo ieoia. Caeanue
auee i/aiue aieueoea aeiia, aicaaaeaiiua ia i?ae?aniuo ooiaeaiaioao.
Aeey II ouny/aeaoey aei i. y. Oaeay a?oeoaeoo?a ia iaiaa niaa?oaiia, /ai
aeey eoaeueyineiai Aic?iaeaeaiey aeeeu, iino?iaiiua a?oeoaeoi?ii
Iaeeaaeei. Iaeiaei a iniiaiii yoi auee aieueoea iniaiyee. Aeai?oeia a
Ae?ioe?e ia iaoee, ?aaii eae eieiii e naaoiauo aeai?eeia. I/aaeaeii,
caeanue aue ai?iae eiiai oeia, /ai Eiinn e Oano.
Ioe?uoay /anoue ai?iaea i?aaenoaaeyea nayuaiiue eaa?oae. Ii/oe a
eaaeaeii iniaiyea, noiyaoai ii iaa noi?iiu oeeoeu, iaoiaeeeenue
iiiauaiey aeey ioi?aaeaiey eoeueoa, eae naeaeaoaeuenoaotho iaeaeaiiua
oai ?eooaeueiua aaue
( iai?eia?, iniaua ninoaeu) e eiino?oeoeey eiiiao n eooiae e ieiii,
auoiaeyuei a iiiauaiea, aaea ono?aeaaeny ?eooaeueiue ie?. A oaeeo
eiiieaenao noaiu auee oe?aoaiu aeeaiieniuie, i?ae?anii nio?aieaoeieny
o?aneaie n ecia?aaeaieyie ia?yaeia.
A aeiia, iacaaiiii a?oaieiaaie Nayoeeeuai Aeai (ii ecia?aaeaieth ia
noaiao yeaaaioii iaeaouo aeaiuei), a aeaoo eiiiaoao ia aoi?ii yoaaea,
aa?iyoii, niaa?oaeny i?acaeiee iiaeiioaiey aiaeia iiaiai iaeayiey. Ia
iaeiie ec noai eiiiaou ecia?aaeaia neeiieaoayny a iieeiia, i/aiue
ia?oiyiaiiay e ia?yaeiay aeaia, yaii iiaeeeay. Iia i?ioyaeaaao ae?oaie,
neaeyuae, aeaiueia - i/aaeaeii, aiaeia - iiaoth neeaae/aooth thaeo. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu e iei iai?aaeyaony o?aouey aeaiueia, eioi?ay ianao
?iiai?iaeaeaiiie ? aua iaeei iiaea?ie - iaea?aeuea. Aanue ia?yae
i?ienoiaeee iiae iaaaniui iieiaii ii/e, eioi?ue ecia?aaeai ia noaia
noeeeciaaiii e aeaei?aoeaii: neiea ?iiaeee caacaei/ae iiaeaaoaiu ia
oio?ao, oiecaiiuo e?aniuie aoneieaie.
A yoie o?anea ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea noiaenoai ia?niiaaeae n ecyuiie
ieiieneie ? Ia?eaeaieie ? - oa aea iiae/a?eiooay yeaaaioiinoue, a?aoeey
aeanoia e iic. Iaeiaei iaeuecy ia caiaoeoue e ioee/ee. O oa?aeneeo ?aeai
? aeaeaeaiey ia no?aieoaeueiu, a iaaeeeoaeueiu e ieaaiu. Iie
i?ioyaeaatho ?oeo eee iaaeeaiii oanoaotho, niaa?oay aeaenoaa a
i?enoonoaee c?eoaey, a aai ?aaeueiii a?aiaie. Ecia?aaeaiiua ii/oe a
iaoo?aeueiue ?ino, ecyuiua aeaiu eae au o/anoaotho a niauoeyo,
i?ienoiaeyueo a iiiauaiee.
Iaeiaei ie? eo oneiaai. Noaia n ecia?aaeaieai ?acaeaeaia ia ciiu,
ia?aie/aiiua naa?oo e nieco oe?ieeie, aaniethoii i?yiuie oeaaoiuie
iieinaie - e?anii-aeaeouie, neia-aieoauie, aaeuie. No?oeoo?a ?iniene
eiae/ia e /aoei i?iaeoiaia. O?anea auaeyaeeo ia aeeaiieniui ineieeii
iaoo?u, a ouaoaeueii n?aaeenne?iaaiiui noeaie/aneei i?aaenoaaeaieai.
Aaaeii, /oi ia e?ani/iay ianna, ia oeaaoiaia iyoii, ia n?aaea
ainiiaenoaotho a oaeie eiiiiceoeee, a neeoyo - au?aceoaeueiue, n
i?i?aaioaiiui ?enoieii aioo?e aai e caoai ?ane?aoaiiue. O?e
ai?eciioaeueiuo o?iaiy ?iniene iiae/eiaiu i?aaenoaaeaieth i o?ao ie?ao -
iiaecaiiii, caiiii e iaaaniii.
Aeeaea e ii?th iaoiaeeeny caia/aoaeueiue Caiaaeiue Aeii - caeaiea,
noiyuaa oaeii e Aei?iaa Oaeueoeiia e ia?acothuaa O?aoaieueioth
ieiuaaeue. Nayoeeeuai neoaeeee aeaa niaaeiua eiiiaou ia aoi?ii yoaaea,
aiaaoi oe?aoaiiua o?aneaie ia ii?neea oaiu, ec-ca /aai ia?aiia/aeueii
caeaiea iacuaaee Aeiiii Eaieoaia. A iiiauaieyo Caiaaeiiai Aeiia
niaa?oaeny oi?aeanoaaiiue ia?yae aic?iaeaeaiey aiaeie. Aeaeeii, eae e ia
E?eoa, aa i?aaenoaaeyea ae?eoea. A iaiueoae eiiiaoa eiaeanue no?aiiay
?annaeeia, iioiaeay ia o?aueio a neaea, ec eioi?ie auoiaeeea aiaeiy. Iia
iiyaeyeanue ?ec iiaeaiaeiiai ie?a ?, aaea ia?aaeeaaea a?aiaiioth
nia?oue, i eioi?ie aicaauaee ecia?aaeaiiua a i?inoaieao ieii aoeaou
n?acaiiuo eeeee. Naia aiaeiy i?aaenoaaeaia oiaea
a ? ia?aoiaeiii ninoiyiee ? - a i?inoaiea o aeaa?e, niaaeeiythuae iaa
eiiiaou. Ia?eoay iaaiei (inoaaeai oieueei eieii-ciay, ia?auaiiue ? a
i?ioeia ?), ae?eoea oi?aeanoaaiii oanoaiaaea a oaie eiiiaou, aaea ia
iaeiii ec ainueie ieii iiiauaeny aeoa?ue. E yoiio aeoa?th, ii-e?eonee
oe?aoaiiiio aeaeueoeiaie, iu?ythueie n?aaee ei?aeeiauo ?eoia,
thiioe-ae?aoeu ianee naycee ?ua.
Oaniia ia?aieaoaiea aeaenoaeoaeueiiai e oneiaiiai, aeecie e eneonnoaa ia
Oa?a niaa?oaiii oaeeaeoaeueii. Ii aua oaeeaeoaeueiaa ieieaoth?iua o?ecu
(ai?eciioaeueiua iieinu n ecia?aaeaieyie), oaaeoea ii aa?oo noai
aieueoie eiiiaou. Ia o?aaiaioa iaeiiai ec ieo, iiiauaiiiai i?yii iaae
aeoa?ai, i?aaenoaaeai ?yae aiieia yie/aneeo noeai, aeinoieiuo oiiieiaiey
Aiia?ii: ianoooe a iieaeaiue aiiyo noaaei ia aiaeiiie, iiae naiue
oaienouo niieiaieoe; aeaaooee ianoo a ninoaeao ia aieiaao aiaeo ec
enoi/ieeia; iaecaanoiua /oaeacaioeu oiioo a ii?a ai a?aiy
ei?aaeae?ooaiey; aieiu ieeaineiai oeia ni ueoaie e oeaiaie no?ieiie
/a?aaeie iai?aaeythony a ai?iae.
Ana nthaeaou yoiai iaeaiueeiai oaaeaa?a aeeaiiene acaeiinaycaiu. A
ae?aaiinoe ni?aaeyeny aeaaiue aiaee/iue i?acaeiee eaoiaai nieioeanoiyiey
- nia?oe-aic?iaeaeaiey a ii?a nieia/iiai aiaa, e ana nthaeaou yoiai
o?aaiaioa ?acaeeenue ec iaai. Aio ii/aio ia o?anea ana i?aaenoaaeaii
aeaieiui: noaaea, ianoooe, aea?aauey, aeaaooee n eoaoeiaie, io?yaeu
aieiia. Iaeie ieoe/anee oie?atho, ae?oaea - aic?iaeaeathony. Aaaeii, /oi
?eooae oaea ne?uo iiae i/aiue ?acaeoie iiaanoaiaaoaeueiie oi?iie.
Aeeeiiue oceee o?ec, oyioaoeeny ai anth noaio, i?aaenoaaeye oo aea
eaeath, ii a eiie oi?ia. Ii eiioeai o?eca ?aciauaeenue iaeua e aieueoea
ai?iaea, iieacaiiua ooaeiaeieeii eae ?ai?iae nia?oe ? e ?ai?iae aeecie
?. Iaeue ai?iae - yoi ai?iae ioae/ei, eioi?ue noieo ia aieioa, a
o?yneia, neiaii a i?aeniiaeiae; ii ioi?aaeyao naiue ei?aaeae n
ioae/eiaie e aieueoiio ai?iaeo. Aieueoie ai?iae, ?ineioiue e aiaaoue,
iuoiue e nayuaiiue, n iannie aeaiuei a ecyuiuo iaeayieyo, ?aneeioeny ia
ai?a. A iai aioiayony e aea?oaii?eiioaieth. THiioe auoiaeyo ec
ai?iaea-aeai?oea n aea?oaaiiui aueii e aaaeoo aai e ii?th ia caeeaiea.
Aaeaa ee yoi noeaiu ec ?aaeueiie enoi?ee. Oaeie ia?ac iuoeaiey aue
/oaeae ae?aaiei ianoa?ai, oai aieaa Yaaeneei. Caeanue nei?aa
i?aaenoaaeai ieo i niaa?oaiee
?nayuaiiiai a?aea ? aeaoo ai?iaeia, iaeiai e aieueoiai.
Aua iaeei aaeeeee i?acaeiee, eee, nei?aa, ienoa?ey, niaa?oaeny a
Nayoeeeua E?ieonia, eae iacuaaee naiue thaeiue, noiyuee aeec ii?y
iniaiye. Ii ioee/aeny io i?i/eo ia oieueei oai, /oi caaa?oae oeeoeo e
iiyoiio eiaiii a iai auiieiyeenue naiua aaaeiua ia?yaeu. Nayuaiiay
i?ioeanney, aini?iecaiaeeaoay oiae nieia/iiai naaoeea, caeai/eaaea a iai
naie iooue. A Nayoeeeua E?ieonia auei iiiai ?anienaiiuo eiiiao (e aeaaea
?aeueaoia), ?aniieiaeaiiuo a aeaa yoaaea, a iiiauaieyo, niaaeiuo n
oeeoeae, i?e/ai ?iniene auee naycaiu ia oieueei ?eooaeueii, ii e
oaiaoe/anee. Ii/oe ana ?iniene iinayuaeenue oaia n?uaaiey e?ieonia.
Oeaaou ea?aee ia?iiioth ?ieue a aeecie ae?aaieo ethaeae. Ia Oa?a iie
oaeaea iaaeaeyeenue iniaie nayoinoueth, a ieo aeaeaee aiieiuaiea
aiaeanoa. A Nayoeeeua Aeai, aaea aue ecia?aaeai ia?yae aea?aiey
aiaeanoao iiaiai ieaouey, niaaeiay eiiiaoa auea ?anienaia oeaaoaie
iaie?ona - ia?iiiuie, n aaeiniaaeiuie aai/eeaie e oaeeeiaiiuie eenoaie,
- eioi?ua neiaieece?iaaee iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue oeaaoia-aiaia.
Ae?aaiaa?a/aneee ieo aeanee, /oi, eae oieueei Ia?naoiia ni?aaea oeaaoie
ia?oeenna, caiey ?acaa?ceanue, yaeeny aia iiaecaiiiai ie?a Aeae e
iioeoee aa. Aa?iyoii, n iiaeiaiui ieoii aue naycai e oa?aeneee ?eooae.
A Nayoeeeua E?ieonia iieacaiu aeaaooee, n?uaathuea oeaaou e iiaeiinyuea
eo a ei?ceieao aiaeia. Aiaeiy oi?aeanoaaiii ainnaaeaao ia o?ieiie
ieaooi?ia a aa?oiae ciia, a a ieaeiae i?aaenoaaeaia ?nia?oue ?: caeanue
ecia?aaeaiu onuiaiiue oeaaoaie e caeeoue e?iaueth aeoa?ue e aeaaooea,
?aieaoay iiao aei e?iae ai a?aiy niae?aiey e?ieonia. Iiae?acoiaaaaony,
/oi aeaaooea ia?oaa, i?eianaia a aea?oao; iia nei?aii neeiieeanue iaae
?aiaiie iiaie. Iiae yoie noeaiie iaoiaeeony iniaia oaeoaeaiea a iieo
-?i?aeniiaeiyy?
eoaea, i/aaeaeii, aeieaeiu auee nioneaoueny i?ioiaeeaoea iinayuaiea
aeaaooee.
Iiaeiaiua aeaenoaa - n?uaaiea oeaaoea, iioeuaiea aei/a?e Aeaiao?u,
Ia?naoiiu, aa a?ae n Aeaeii e aioea?aiea a i?aeniiaeiae - ?acua?uaaeenue
ia ciaiaieouo Yeaaneineeo ienoa?eyo eeanne/aneie A?aoeee, e oai oaea ia
oieueei aeaaooee, ii e aanue ia?iae niaa?oae i?eaeeciaiiia iinayuaiea a
oaeiu iioonoi?iiiaai auoey e aine?aoaiey.
Naiaia?acai noeeue eniieiaiey yoeo caia/aoaeueiuo o?anie. Ii aeecie
ieiieneiio, iineieueeo ia?aaeaao aieiothuaa /aeiaaea niauoea oaeiiai,
ne?uoiai niunea. E ia?aaeaao aeeai, iiiaiieaiiai, e?ani/ii. Aeaaooee
a?iaeyo ii neaeai n?aaee ?aca?inaiiuo e?ieonia, eae ieiieneea
niae?aoaeueieoeu eeeee ia o?aneao a aeeea ec Aaea O?eaaeu. Iaeiaei,
iiaeiaii ?iniene ec Nayoeeeua Aeai, caeanue ana aieaa eiae/ii, no?ieii,
oii?yaei/aiii; aiaaoaeoay i?e?iaeiay n?aaea naiaeeoueny e iaeo?aeueiiio,
/ooue ie?aoaiiiio oeaaoii aaeiio i?ino?ainoao. Iniiaioth ?ieue e caeanue
ea?atho eeiey, eiioo?, neeoyo - aieaa o?aiaoiua e aeeaua, /ai a
Nayoeeeua Aeai. I?ioeee aeaaooae, eo i?e/anee noaiiayony iaeiiia?aciuie.
Oa aea ?ia?aoiaeiinoue ? caiaoia e a oeaaoiaii ?aoaiee. Oaia?ue
oeaaoiaia iyoii - aieoaia, neiaa, /a?iia eee ei?e/iaaia - iaiiiai
aaaeiaa eiioo?ia. Ooaeiaeiee no?aieony ia?aaeaoue e?anioo naaoeiai,
iie?uoiai oiieei oci?ii iaeayiey e i?ic?a/iinoue oeaie, i?inaa/eaathuae
cieioenouie e?oaei/eaie (aa aeaaooea aea?aeeo iaae aieiaie)
Oaeei ia?acii, o?oaeii i?eciaoue, /oi eneonnoai Oa?u ioiineony e XVII
a. aei i. y., ia iniiaaiee i?aaeiieaaaaiie aeaou aeaaee ino?iaa (1729 a.
aei i. y.). Eneonnoai Oa?u, aeaeeii, nia?aiaiii e?eoneiio - yiioa iiauo
aeai?oeia (16 -15 aa. aei i. y.) - e niiinoaaeii n iei eae iaeei ec
aaaeoueo aa?eaioia aeeaiiene. I?iyaeyy oeaeue ?yae /a?o, ?iaenoaaiiuo
ieiieneiio eneonnoao, iii aianoa n oai eiaao eioth no?oeoo?o e io?aaeaao
nenoaio iuoeaiey, aieaa aeeceoth ieeaineie. Yoi eneonnoai iiae/eiaii
ieoai e ?eooaeai, ia io?aaeaao aeeciaiiuo niauoee. Iaeiaei iii oaea
ianoieueei aiaaoi, neiaeii, iiiai nthaeaoii, /oi auoiaeeo ia o?iaaiue
yiina. Aa?iyoii, Oa?a ea?aea a E?eoi-Ieeaineii ie?a cia/eoaeueioth
?ieue, ii aeinoiaa?ii onoaiiaeoue yoi o/aiui aua ia oaeaeinue.
IEEAINEIA ENEONNOAI
Caieiooue, aieinoaaiiue oa?aeoa? ieeaioeaa neacaeny ia auai?a iano aeey
iniiaaiey eo ai?iaeia - oaaeeiaiiuo e?aiinoae a ai?iaeao. A ioee/ea io
e?eoneeo no?ia e ia?ac naieo ai?iaeia, eioi?ua iaianaiu iiuiuie noaiaie,
i?aa?aoeaoeie eo a ianoiyuea oaa?aeuie. Oaeiau Ieeaiu e Oe?eio ia
iieoino?iaa Iaeiiiiian (THaeiay A?aoeey), neiaeaiiua ec ia?iiiuo aeua
i?e?iaeiiai eaiiy aaeeeaiaie-oeeeeiiaie, eae aeoiaee iicaea a?aee. A
Oe?eioa iaeia ec noai e?aiinoiie noaiu n aaea?aae aioo?e - oae
iacuaaaiay ?eacaiaoa? - eiaao oieueio naiiaaeoeaoue iao?ia. Ca
i?aaeaeaie oeeoaaeaee, o iiaeioau oieiia, ?aniieaaaeny ?ieaeiee ai?iae?
n aeiiaie e iino?ieeaie iau/iuo ethaeae. Ia ae?iiiea naeeeenue eeoue
i?aaeoaee ai?iaea, ae?aoeu e , aiciiaeii, aa?oiaiay ciaoue.
Ieeaineea aeai?oeu, iiiaia caeinoaiaaa o e?eoneeo - oi?aeanoaaiiua
ii?oeee n eieiiiaie, oa?ainoai oeaio?aeueiuo iiiauaiee oeia eiinneiai
O?iiiiai caea, i?enoaiiua neaiuee, - auee oaea niaa?oaiii eiuie. Iie
ioithaeue ia iaiiieiaee eaae?eiou: eo oi?iu auee no?iaea e i?inoua, a
aeaaiia - aeai?oeiaia caeaiea anaaaea i?aaenoaaeyei niaie iaaa?ii. Yoi
auei auoyiooia a aeeeio nii?oaeaiea, i?eaioe?iaaiiia ii noi?iiai naaoa,
ia eiaaoaa aioo?aiiaai aeai?a. Iii aeaeeeinue ia o?e iniiaiuo iiiauaiey,
iaiecaiiuo ia aaeeioth inue. Nia/aea iinaoeoaeue aoiaeee a i?aaeaeaa?ea
- aanoeatheue n ia?aieaiiui eieiiiaie ii?oeeii. Aeaeaa ii iiiaaeae a
oeaio?aeueiue cae n i/aaii ii na?aaeeia. Auoyaeiui ioaa?noeai aeey aeuia
a iioieea e o?iiii o i?aaie aieiaie noaiu (eae a e?eoneeo aeai?oeao).
Caeanue i?ienoiaeeee ana aaaeiaeoea niauoey a aeecie iaeoaoaeae ae?iiiey
- i?acaeieee, aiaiiua niaaou, canaaeaiey aiaeaeae. Aeaeaa iaoiaeeeinue
aua iaeii iiiauaiea, aiciiaeii neoaeeaoaa o?aieeeuai aeai?oeiaie eaciu
eee nayuaiiuo aauae aeey ioi?aaeaiey eoeueoa.
Ianiio?y ia aiaoithth i?inoioo, caeaiey auee ?ineioii ioaeaeaiu.
?aeiino?oeoeey aeai?oea a Oe?eioa, eaaaiaea?iie ?iaeeia Aa?aeea,
iieacuaaao, eae auaeyaeeo oaeie eioa?uea?. Iieu auee ?anienaiu oaoiaoiui
i?iaiaioii n aeeth/aiiuie a eeaoee oeao?aie iiaeaiaeiuo aiaia - ooioeia,
inueieiiaia. Ai aeai?oea Ieeina, aaea, niaeanii Aiia?o, iaeiaaea oea?ee
ioae?ue noa?aoe Ianoi?, e o?iio aae iaiieueiue aea?oaaiiue eaiae,
aeaeeii i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey ioi?aaeaiea a ?ii?a? iniauo aeeaeeinoae.
Noaiu auee nieioue iie?uou o?aneaie, ia eioi?uo ano?a/aeenue noeaiu n
a?eoiiaie, noeienaie e eueaaie, iiaeiaiuie i?aaenoaaeaiiui a O?iiiii
Caea Eiinna. A aeeaiiene /oanoaoaony ino?iaiay yaaeneay oeiea, ii a
oeaeii ?iniene niaa?oaiii eiua.
Oae, ai aeai?oea Ieeina ia noaiao eiiiaou, niaaeiie n oeaio?aeueiui
caeii, auea ecia?aaeaia nayuaiiay i?ioeanney, aaaeouay ia caeeaiea auea.
Ia?iiiia aeeaioiia iiaeaaeyao iaeaiueeea oeao?u ethaeae. I?eaiu oaeiai
?iaea, eniieuecoaiua ia ?aiiai yoaia ?acaeoey aeeaiiene, ia E?eoa oaea
ia ano?a/aeenue. Caeanue aea /oanoaoaony a?oaiaaoay e iaiaa eneoniay,
aeaaea io /anoe ?aa?aa?neay? ?oea.
A ae?oaie ciaiaieoie o?anea ec aeai?oea Oe?eioa - ?I?oae? - caiaoii
ianiioaaonoaea iaeaiueeie oeao?u iocueaioa e ia?iiiie oyaeaeiaaniie
ioeoeu. Iiao/ee eaoyuee aieoaue eaaeaony oaioanoe/aneei aeaaioii,
iocueaio aea iae e aaniiiiuai. ?aaeueiua ni?acia?iinoe aauae ia?ooaiu
ec-ca eo niuneiaiai ia?aaainoaa. Aieoaue, i/aaeaeii, aiieiuathuee
iaaaniia aiaeanoai, aeey ooaeiaeieea cia/eoaeueii aaaeiaa nia?oiiai
/aeiaaea. Aeeni?iii?oeee oaeiai ?iaea oai aieaa caiaoiu, /oi a ?iniene
ionoonoaoao i?e?iaeiay n?aaea - oio iaecaae, iieiue caoeia e caiaoia
o?aa, eioi?ue aue oae ethaei a eneonnoaa e?eoyi. Iaeo?aeueiue
iaeiioeaaoiue oii, ia eioi?ii ?acai?a/eaaaony nthaeao, inoaaony iaiui e
iai?iieoeaaiui. Ia?niiaaee ?iniene - ioioieee eee aieiu, aa?ie iiauo,
ieeaineeo oai, ionoonoaiaaaoeo o ieiieoeaa, iieacaiu iaeiaeeie,
canouaoeie.
Aaaeouay oaia e?eoneeo ?inienae - ecia?aaeaiea nayuaiiie i?ioeannee -
i?iaeieaeaao nouanoaiaaoue e a ieeaineia a?aiy. Iaeiaei i?aaeaea
aiaeith-ae?eoeo /anoaiaaee thiioe, a oaia?ue oieueei aeaaooee ianoo
aea?u naiae aeaaeu/eoea. Ioaeneia ia/aei ?acei oneeeeinue a eneonnoaa
ieeaineiai a?aiaie. A niioaaonoaee n o?aaeeoeeae, aeiianaiiie ?Eeeaaeie?
Aiia?a, a yoii iauanoaa ainiiaenoaiaae ioae/eia, ioaoe, aeaaa ?iaea. O
ieiieoeaa aea aue, noaey ii anaio, iao?ea?oao - aeanoue aeaiuei a ?iaeo.
Ia?ac aeaiueiu, aiaoia neaaeothuee ieiieneie o?aaeeoeee, oiaea
iiieiaaony eia/a. Iaeia ec oeao? a oe?eioneii aeai?oea, oae iacuaaaiay
?Oe?eioiyiea?, - ioaeaeaiiia yoi eiinneie ?Ia?eaeaiee?. Nio?aieeenue
iinoaiiaea oeao?u a i?ioeeue, iaeaaeaea e aeaaea i?e/anea. Iaeiaei
o?aiao aeecie niaa?oaiii en/ac ec ?inienae. Ieioiua, neiaii yiaeaaua
e?anee caiieiytho o/anoee ?enoiea, iiae/a?eiooua eiioo?aie. Aianoi
aeeauo e /oanoaaiiuo ia?acia, aua iaaeaaii oea?eaoeo a ieiieneie
aeeaiiene, ia o?aneao iiyaeeenue canouaoea, iiae/a?eiooi aeaei?aoeaiua,
noeeeciaaiiua oi?iu.
Aua neeueiaa ?acee/ey a ieiieneie e ieeaineie aeeaiiene au?aaeaiu a
oeao?a ?Ieeaiyiee? - o?aaiaio o?anee, iaeaeaiiie a iaeiii ec aeiiia
?ieaeiaai ai?iaea? Ieeai. Yoi ecia?aaeaiea ai?acaei aieueoa ioee/aaony
io e?eoneiai, /ai ?Oe?eioyiea?. Eiiiaeoiay aieiaea, e?ooua, neeueii
?acaa?iooua iea/e e niaa?oaiii eiie i?ioeeue, n ei?ioeei iineeii e
oyaeaeui iiaeai?iaeeii, nicaeaee ia?ac ieeaineie a?enoie?aoee, y?eee e
?aceiaaoue. Aieoaiaaoi-neiea, ianuuaiiua e?anii-ii?oe?iaua, iaaeiua
na?aa?enoua e iaeaaua oiia niaieeenue ai?y/eie aeaeouie, y?ei-e?aniuie,
aeooeie /a?iuie.
Yoi eiie ii/a?e, eiie acaeyae ia ie?, eiay ooaeiaeanoaaiiay nenoaia,
iinoaiaiii ?acaeoay ieeaioeaie a ecia?aceoaeueiii eneonnoaa. Ii i?e anae
noaoe/iinoe, ii?ie aeaaea iaoeethaeanoe e ?iainoe ieeaineea ia?acu
ai?acaei aeecianiiniaiaa ieiieneeo. E?eoneea aa?ie ioee/athony
eneeth/eoaeueiie o?oieinoueth, iie eae au ia auaea?aeeaatho iaoenea
i?e?iaeiuo noeoee, iiae/eiythony eo aiea. Oaeee e?eoyi aioiau
iaaeeiieoueny, iooenoua eoae?e - ne?uoue oeaeeeii eeoei, iiae ia?yo iaae
caieae a ianeuoiii a?aoeeiciii oaaa. Iai?ioea, ieeaineea aa?ie ianneaiu,
oyaeaeiaaniu, i?i/ii noiyo ia caiea. Eo oaa?aiiinoue a naaa e aioo?aiiyy
neeu oaeiau, /oi iie niiniaiu nii?ioeaeyoueny ethaui aiaoiei
aicaeaenoaeyi. Eaaeaeue ec ieo eiaao a ie?a naia ianoi, caeiiiinoue
eioi?iai i?iaeeeoiaaia aiaaie. Eaaeaeue ec ieo ?oaeoiie/ai?, o. a.
iaoiaeeony a no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiuo aaniauo ioiioaieyo n ie?oaeathuei
ie?ii. Eae canouaatho iaeueeathuea oeaaoiua noaeeuoee a eaeaeaeineiia,
oae ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 2 ouny/aeaoey aei i. y. Ana aaue, ?annuiaiiua
aiaeanoaaiiie ?oeie, oaa?aiii caieiatho naie ianoa - a niioaaonoaee n
/aoeie eiaeeie e aeanoeei ii?yaeeii. Anee e?eoneia eneonnoai au?aaeaao
noeoeeiinoue iaii?aaeaeaiiuo iuouaiee, oi ieeaineia - neeo ?acoia e
i?aaieciaaiiinoue eioaeeaeoa.
Eiie iiaeoiae, eiia aeaeaiea ie?a ai anao ieeaineeo aauao, ia?aaeei
eniieiaiiuo e?eoneeie ianoa?aie, - io oeaooeie ec neiiiaie einoe,
aieiaie aieiia a oeaiao ec eeuea aai?y e aei ?inienae aac, eioi?ua
niaa?oaiii oo?aoeee e?eoneoth i?acaeie/iinoue e i?aa?aoeeenue a
noa?aioeiiua, aaaeua, /anoi noaiaoe/iua noeaiee. Iaeiaei iie
iieueciaaeenue ia?iiiie iiioey?iinoueth ia Aaeeaiao, ino?iaao, a Iaeie
Acee e Eei?a.
E /eneo naiuo aaeeeeo i?iyaeaiee ieeaineiai aeooa i?eiaaeeaaeao
iaiyoieee iia?aaaeueiiai eneonnoaa. Aoiae a ai?iae aue ioi?ieai a 14 a.
aei i. y. oae iacuaaaiuie Eueaeiuie ai?ioaie, oe?aoaiiuie noeaiie
iieeiiaiey eueaia aiaeanoao, aiieiuaiiiio a e?eoneie eieiiia. ?yaeii n
ieeaineei aeai?oeii iaoiaeeeny oea?neee iae?iiieue. Ii aue ono?iai
ai?acaei ieaea o?iaiy aei?iae e eiae aeae iaianaiiiai eaiaiiui eieueoeii
e?oaa. Yoi oae iacuaaaiue ?iiaeeueiue e?oa A?, ioe?uoue a 1876 aiaeo.
Iicaeiaa, a 1952 a., aue iaia?oaeai ?iiaeeueiue e?oa A?, oaea ca
i?aaeaeaie oeeoaaeaee. A yoeo iae?iiieyo, aeaoe?oaiuo 16 a. aei i. y.,
o?aieeenue ana aiaaoaeoea nie?iaeua ieeaineeo oea?ae.
A eaaeaeii ?e?oaa? ono?iaii ii ianeieueei aeoaieeo oaooiauo a?iaieoe
i?yiioaieueiie oi?iu, i/aiue a?oauo e aeaaea aac iaeeaaeee noai eaiiai.
Ia eo aeia auee iia?aaaiu /eaiu oea?neiai ?iaea, /oi aeieaeii auei
oaaeiaa/eoue eo a iaiyoe iioiieia. Ia eeoeao ioae/ei - cieioua ianee,
neeueii noeeeciaaiiua, ii ynii ia?aaeathuea /a?ou ieeaineeo aaneeaania.
ss?ei au?aaeaiiua eiaeiaa?iiaeneea /a?ou eiiaaea ii-ianoiyuaio
aeaai?iaeiu (?ianea Aaaiaiiiia?). A ioee/ea io e?eoyi i?aaeoaee Ieeai
iineee onu e ai?iaeo, /aio noaioo iiae?aaeaoue e eo a?a/aneea i?aaiieee.
Cieioua ianee, ia aoaeo/e iiainoueth a Ae?aaiai ie?a - iie ano?a/aeenue
oaea a 5 ouny/aeaoee aei iaoae y?u ia oa??eoi?ee Aieaa?ee, - oai ia
iaiaa, caaaaei/iu. Eo i?aaeiacia/aiea - nio?aiyoue iaoeaiiuie /a?ou
nia?oiuo oea?ae. O aeaiuei ianee caiaiyeenue aeeaaeaiaie n i/aiue
oe?ieie eaioie e a?iiaaeiuie aunieeie eo/aie. Noeeeciaaiiue i?iaiaio
aeeaaeai aiai?eo ia eo nayce n aiaaie-naaoeeaie, aiieiuaieai eioi?uo
n/eoaeenue ieeaineea oea?eoeu. Aa?iyoii, aeaiueiu iineee aeeaaeaiu ia
aunieeo oaieao - oea?ao, enoeaaoeo ni a?aiaiai iiaeiaii iuoiui ia?yaeai,
io eioi?uo inoaeenue oieueei cieioua aeyoee ni ooaiiiaaiiui
ecia?aaeaieai e?eoi-ieeaineeo aiaia - aaai/ae, inueieiiaia, i/ae, caacae
e o. i.
Caeanue aea auee iaeaeaiu aiaaoua a?iiciaua eeiaeaeu n ?oeiyoeaie ec
ai?iiai o?onoaey e eie?onoe?iaaiiuie ?enoieaie - noeaiaie ioiou,
aaaoueie eueaaie, caacaeiui iaaii. A oaooiauo a?iaieoeao iaia?oaeai e
oeaeue ?yae i?ae?aniuo cieiouo ia?noiae-ia/aoae (oiaea ieiieneie
?aaiou). E /eneo naiuo aiaaouo aea?ia ioiineeenue ninoaeu ec na?aa?a,
cieioa e yeaeo?a (nieaa cieioa n na?aa?ii): a ?Iaeennaa? oea?ue Iaiaeae
aea?eo ia i?iuaiea naiaio ainoth, nuio Iaeennay Oaeaiaoo, aiaaoue e?aoa?
- ninoae aeey niaoeaaiey aiaeu e aeia. Ii nia?oe aeaaeaeueoea oaeea
ninoaeu eeaee a iiaeeo, iie auee, eae oiaaea aa?eee, caeiaii
aic?iaeaeaiey oia?oaai. Iaeioi?ua ninoaeu eiatho oi?io oiai eee eiiai
aeeaioiiai eee ioi?ieaiu a aeaea ?iaa auea. Iie eniieueciaaeenue aeey
?eooaeueiuo aiceeyiee. A eo eniieiaiee ?acee/atho e?eoneee ii/a?e
(aeeaie, iaoo?aeenoe/aneee, ia?aciue) e ieeaineee (noaiaoe/aneee,
noeeeciaaiiue, eniieuecothuee e?oiiua oi?iu e oeaeueiua o?aaiaiou).
Anee a 16 aaea aei iaoae y?u oaeea nie?iaeua ioi?aaeyee a caoi?iiaiey -
a?oaua caieyiua oaoou, oi a 15 aaea aei iaoae y?u a oao aea Ieeaiao auee
iino?iaiu aaee/anoaaiiua oieinu - e?oaeua a ieaia eoiieueiua a?iaieoeu.
Eoiie aue oe?aoai na?aa?yiuie ciei/aiuie ?icaoeaie, eieoe?othueie
iaaaniue naiae. E a?iaieoea aaee aeeeiiue oceee ei?eaei? - ae?iiin e
aunieee, e?aneai ioi?ieaiiue ii?oae, iieoeieiiiu eioi?iai auee aiaaoi
?anienaiu aeeeiiuie ceacaaaie. Auoa eieiii oae aooee - noaiea iaae
aai/athuei nii?oaeaiea ea?iecii, ia eioi?ie ecia?aaeaia noeaia iieiee
aeeeiai auea. Ia?aae yoei ii?oaeii auee iaeaeaiu o?aaiaiou ?acaeouo /ao,
aeaeeii inoaaoeony io o?eciu - iiieiaeueiiai ie?oanoaa. Aioo?e, ni?aaa
io aoiaea, ia?ae?uoiai ia?iiiui, ?oeeeeiie/aneei? eaiiai, auea ono?iaia
ioaeaeueiay iia?aaaeueiay eaia?a. Iia iaeiaaea oiaea iiaea auoue aiaaoi
oe?aoaia, eae iieacaee ?aneiiee a?iaieoeu a I?oiiaia (Aaioey, iaeanoue a
Oeaio?aeueiie A?aoeee), auiieiaiiua Aai?eoii Oeeiaiii. Oai aue iaeaeai
o?aaiaio iioieea ni noaiaoe/iui - a aaaoueo nie?aeyo e no?aeao -
ecia?aaeaieai caacaeiiai iaaa. Iaeaeaiiua a?iaieoeu ieacaeenue
niaa?oaiii ionouie.
Eoiieueiua a?iaieoeu iaaieueoiai ?acia?a, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey
caoi?iiaiey /eaiia oeaeuo ?iaeia, ecaanoiu ia E?eoa. Ii oaeie oei
aiaaoiai iia?aaaeueiiai nii?oaeaiey n aeeeiiui ae?iiinii (ieiei 36
iao?ia) a Yaaeaea e ia Aaeeaiao i?aaeaea ia ano?a/aeny. Ii iiyaeony a
Naaa?iii I?e/a?iiii?uea a 5 aaea aei iaoae y?u. Oea?neee eo?aai iiae
Ea?/ueth yaeyaony i?yiui ianeaaeieeii ieeaineiai oieina.
CAEETH*AIEA
Aeai?oeiaay aeeciue, aeeeaoayny a Ieiienei-Ieeaineii ?aaeiia ianeieueei
noieaoee, ia/aea iinoaiaiii caoooaoue e 13 -12 aaeo aei iaoae y?u.
Iaia/aaoeeny e?ecen au?aaeaeny ai iiiaii: a enoiuaiea aeai?oeiauo
aiaaonoa, ?aaeeii iiyaeaiea aei?iaeo ecaeaeee, ionoonoaee ia?ano?iae e
ia?aaeaeie ?ac?ooaiiuo eee i?eoiaeyueo a caionoaiea caeaiee,
ii?aaeaeaiiie caiaaeeaiiinoe ioeuena auoey. Ii /oanoaiaaeny e a
?onoaeinoe eneonnoaa?, eioi?ia auei naaaeaii e ianeieueeei aaneiia/ii
iiaoi?ythueiny iniiaiui oeiai.
Ieiei 1250 eee 1190 a. aei i. y. i?iecioea eaeay-oi eaoano?ioa.
Ineaaaaoee, aeaa?aaee?iaaaoee E?eoi- Ieeaineee ie?, ii aeaeeiiio,
en/a?iae e oiio a?aiaie naie neeu e i?ae?aoee nouanoaiaaiea. Aiciiaeii,
aoi?aoeany naaa?iua ieaiaia onei?eee aa iaaeaiea. Ia aeieaea noieaoey
aa?ie/aneee ie? oiiee, ii ii aeee a iaiyoe iioiieia, a onoiie e
oieueeei?iie o?aaeeoeee, a ianiyo a?a/aneeo iaaoeia - ayaeia. A 8 aaea
aei iaoae y?u ii nio?aiai Aiia?ii ia aaea a iiyiao ?Eeeaaea? e
?Iaeennay?.
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