Реферат: World trade organisation

International organizations and movements. Their role in the promotion of

peace, global cooperation and mutual understanding

WORLD TRADE ORGANISTAION

Matveev Andrey 11 “A”

Center of Education №1816

2002

WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Nobody will deny if I say that in our modern world it is very important to

control the relationship between different countries. There are different

organizations nowadays. They control different aspects of our everyday life.

I would like to speak about world trade organization. It deals with the

global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that

trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

First of all I would like to give some facts about the creation and location

of WTO.

Location: Geneva, Switzerland

Established: 1 January 1995

Created by: Uruguay Round negotiations (1986–94)

Membership: 134 countries (as of February 1999)

Budget: 122 million Swiss francs for 1999

Secretariat staff: 500

Head: Director-general

Functions:

• Administering WTO trade agreements

• Forum for trade negotiations

• Handling trade disputes

• Monitoring national trade policies

• Technical assistance and training for developing countries

• Cooperation with other international organizations

The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. One of the youngest of

the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second

World War. So while the WTO is still young, the multilateral trading system

that was originally set up under GATT is already 50 years old. The system

celebrated its golden jubilee in Geneva on 19 May 1998, with many heads of

state and government leaders attending. The past 50 years have seen an

exceptional growth in world trade. Merchandise exports grew on average by 6%

annually. Total trade in 1997 was 14-times the level of 1950. GATT and the

WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous trading system contributing

to unprecedented growth. The system was developed through a series of trade

negotiations, or rounds, held under GATT. The first rounds dealt mainly with

tariff reductions but later negotiations included other areas such as anti-

dumping and non-tariff measures. The latest round—the 1986-94. Uruguay

Round—led to the WTO’s creation. The negotiations did not end there. Some

continued after the end of the Uruguay Round. In February 1997 agreement was

reached on telecommunications services, with 69 governments agreeing to wide-

ranging liberalization measures that went beyond those agreed in the Uruguay

Round. In the same year 40 governments successfully concluded negotiations

for tariff-free trade in information technology products, and 70 members

concluded a financial services deal covering more than 95% of trade in

banking, insurance, securities and financial information. At the May 1998

ministerial meeting in Geneva, WTO members agreed to study trade issues

arising from global electronic commerce. The next ministerial conference is

due to be held in the United States in late 1999. In 2000, new talks are due

to start on agriculture and services and possibly a range of other issues.

FUNCTIONS

The WTO’s overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly

and predictably. It does this by:

• Administering trade agreements

• Acting as a forum for trade negotiations

• Settling trade disputes

• Reviewing national trade policies

• Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical

assistance and training programs

• Cooperating with other international organizations

STRUCTURE

The WTO has more than 130 members, accounting for over 90% of world trade. Over

30 others are negotiating membership. Decisions are made by the entire

membership. This is typically by consensus. A majority vote is also possible

but it has never been used in the WTO, and was extremely rare under the WTO’s

predecessor, GATT. The WTO’s agreements have been ratified in all members’

parliaments. The WTO’s top level decision-making body is the Ministerial

Conference which meets at least once every two years. Below this is the

General Council (normally ambassadors and heads of delegation in Geneva, but

sometimes officials sent from members’ capitals) which meets several times a

year in the Geneva headquarters. The General Council also meets as the Trade

Policy Review Body and the Dispute Settlement Body. At the next level, the

Goods Council, Services Council and Intellectual Property (TRIPS)

Council report to the General Council. Numerous specialized committees,

working groups and working parties deal with the individual

agreements and other areas such as the environment, development, membership

applications and regional trade agreements. The first Ministerial Conference in

Singapore in 1996 added three new working groups to this structure. They deal

with the relationship between trade and investment, the interaction between

trade and competition policy and transparency in government procurement. At the

second Ministerial Conference in Geneva in 1998 ministers decided that the

WTO would also study the area of electronic commerce, a task to be shared out

among existing councils and committees.

SECRETARIAT

The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has around 500 staff and is headed by a

director-general. It does not have branch offices outside Geneva. Since

decisions are taken by the members themselves, the Secretariat does not have

the decision-making role that other international bureaucracies are given.

The Secretariat’s main duties are to supply technical support for the various

councils and committees and the ministerial conferences, to provide technical

assistance for developing countries, to analyze world trade, and to explain

WTO affairs to the public and media.

The Secretariat also provides some forms of legal assistance in the dispute

settlement process and advises governments wishing to become members of the

WTO.

The annual budget is roughly 122 million Swiss francs. How can you ensure

that trade is as fair as possible, and as free as is practical? By

negotiating rules and abiding by them. The WTO’s rules—the agreements—are the

result of negotiations between the members. The current set were the outcome

of the 1986–94 Uruguay Round negotiations which included a major revision of

the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT is now the

WTO’s principal rule-book for trade in goods. The Uruguay Round also created

new rules for dealing with trade in services, relevant aspects of

intellectual property, dispute settlement, and trade policy reviews. The

complete set runs to some 30,000 pages consisting of about 60 agreements and

separate commitments (called schedules) made by individual members in

specific areas such as lower customs duty rates and services market-opening.

Through these agreements, WTO members operate a non-discriminatory trading

system that spells out their rights and their obligations. Each country

receives guarantees that its exports will be treated fairly and consistently

in other. These principles appear in the new General Agreement on Trade in

Services (GATS). WTO members have also made individual commitments under GATS

stating which of their services sectors they are willing to open to foreign

competition, and how open those markets are. countries’ markets. Each

promises to do the same for imports into its own market. The system also

gives developing countries some flexibility in implementing their

commitments.

GOODS

It all began with trade in goods. From 1947 to 1994, GATT was the forum for

negotiating lower customs duty rates and other trade barriers; the text of

General Agreement spelt out important rules, particularly non-discrimination.

Since 1995, the updated GATT has become the WTO’s umbrella agreement for

trade in goods. It has annexes dealing with specific sectors such as

agriculture and textiles, and with specific issues such as state trading,

product standards, subsidies and actions taken against dumping.

SERVICES

Banks, insurance firms, telecommunications companies, tour operators, hotel

chains and transport companies looking to do business abroad can now enjoy

the same principles of freer and fairer trade that originally only applied to

trade in goods.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

The WTO’s intellectual property agreement amounts to rules for trade and

investment in ideas and creativity. The rules state how copyrights,

trademarks, geographical names used to identify products, industrial designs,

integrated circuit layout-designs and undisclosed information such as trade

secrets—“intellectual property”—should be protected when trade is involved.

DISPUTE SETTLEMENT

The WTO’s procedure for resolving trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement

Understanding is vital for enforcing the rules and therefore for ensuring

that trade flows smoothly. Countries bring disputes to the WTO if they think

their rights under the agreements are being infringed. Judgments by

specially-appointed independent experts are based on interpretations of the

agreements and individual countries’ commitments. The system encourages

countries to settle their differences through consultation. Failing that,

they can follow a carefully mapped out, stage-by-stage procedure that

includes the possibility of a ruling by a panel of experts, and the chance to

appeal the ruling on legal grounds. Confidence in the system is borne out by

the number of cases brought to the WTO—167 cases by March 1999 compared to

some 300 disputes dealt with during the entire life of GATT (1947–94).

POLICY REVIEW

The Trade Policy Review Mechanism’s purpose is to improve transparency, to

create a greater understanding of the policies that countries are adopting,

and to assess their impact. Many members also see the reviews as constructive

feedback on their policies. All WTO members must undergo periodic scrutiny,

each review containing reports by the country concerned and the WTO

Secretariat. Over 54 members have been reviewed since the WTO came into

force.

DEVELOPMENT AND TRADE

Over three quarters of WTO members are developing or least-developed

countries. Special provisions for these members are included in all the WTO

agreements. They include longer time periods for implementing agreements and

commitments, measures to increase trading opportunities for these countries,

provisions requiring all WTO members to safeguard the trade interests of

developing countries, and support to help developing countries build the

infrastructure for WTO work, handle disputes, and implement technical

standards. In 1997, a high-level meeting on trade initiatives and technical

assistance for least-developed countries brought their concerns to centre

stage. The meeting involved six intergovernmental agencies and resulted in an

“integrated framework” to help least-developed countries increase their

ability to trade, and some additional preferential market access agreements.

A committee on trade and development, assisted by a sub-committee on least-

developed countries, looks at developing countries’ special needs. Its

responsibility includes implementation of the agreements, technical

cooperation, and the increased participation of developing countries in the

global trading system

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND TRAINING

The WTO organizes around 100 technical cooperation missions to developing

countries annually. It holds on average three trade policy courses each year

in Geneva for government officials. Regional seminars are held regularly in

all regions of the world with a special emphasis on African countries.

Training courses are also organized in Geneva for officials from countries in

transition from central planning to market economies. In 1997/98, the WTO set

up reference centers in over 40 trade ministries in capitals of least-

developed countries, providing computers and internet access to enable

ministry officials to keep abreast of events in the WTO in Geneva through

online access to the WTO’s immense database of official documents and other

material.